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Microbiology > Ch. 5 - Eukaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Flagella

A
  • One of the most prominent external structures observed in eukaryotic cells
  • associated with motility
  • 100-200 micrometers in length
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2
Q

Secretory pathway

A
  • used to move materials to various sites within the cell, as well as to either the plasma membrane or the cell exterior
  • not fully understood
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3
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • The most important type of plastid

* contains chlorophyll and use light energy to convert CO2 and water to carbohydrates and O2 ➡️ site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • One of the most important parts of a eukaryotic cell

* consists of a liquid component, the cytosol, in which many organelles are located

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5
Q

Steps in protein synthesis

A

1) synthesis of proteins by ribosomes attached to the surface of the rough ER and spooled into lumen
2) release of protein from ER in small vesicles
3) Fusion of ER vesicle with cis face of Golgi apparatus
4) release of transport vesicle from trans face of Golgi apparatus
5) Fusion of transport vesicle with the plasma membrane

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6
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • observed in all eukaryotic cells

* used to bring materials into the cell from the outside

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7
Q

Cell envelope in eukaryotic cells

A
  • consists of plasma membrane and all coverings external to it
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
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8
Q

3 energy-conserving organelles

A

1) mitochondria
2) hydrogenesomes
3) chloroplasts

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9
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cell

A
  • membrane-bound organelle’s
  • no peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • introns in genes
  • ester linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
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10
Q

Characteristics of bacterial cell

A
  • Circular chromosome
  • Single type of flagellin in flagella
  • 70S ribosome
  • ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
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11
Q

Characteristics of Archaeal cell

A
  • 70S ribosome
  • no peptidoglycan in cell walls
  • no membrane-bound organelle
  • rudimentary cytoskeleton
  • Circular chromosome
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12
Q

Two major groups of eukaryotic microbes

A

1) Protists

2) fungi

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13
Q

Steps in misfolded proteins within secretory pathway recycling

A

1) defective protein is released into the cytoplasm
2) ubiquitin is attached to defective protein
3) defective protein is broken down inside of proteasome

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14
Q

Microtubules

A
  • shaped like thin cylinders

* about 25 nm in diameter

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15
Q

Intermediate filament

A
  • Heterogeneous elements of the cytoskeleton that play structural roles
  • 10 nm in diameter
  • include formation of nuclear lamina and positioning of organelles
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16
Q

Actin filament

A
  • minute filaments 4 to 7 nm in diameter

* organized to form a variety of structures depending on the cell type

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17
Q

ER

A

• network of branching membrane is tubules and cisternae is the closest set of internal membranes to the nucleus

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18
Q

Which processes are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation

* electron transport

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19
Q

Ribosome

A

• site of protein synthesis

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20
Q

Which processes are actin filaments involved in?

A
  • amoeba is movement
  • endocytosis
  • cytokinesis
  • movement of some structures in cell
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21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

• The form of endocytosis that brings solutes into the cell

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22
Q

Phagocytosis

A

• The form of endocytosis that brings particles into the cell

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23
Q

Secretion

A

• movement of particles from inside to outside of Cell

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24
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

• endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane-bound receptor

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25
Q

Lysosomes

A

• involved in intracellular digestion and contain the enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules

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26
Q

Steps of caveolin-coated endocytosis

A

1) binding to caveolin-coated vesicles
2) Fusion with caveosome
3) invagination of early endosome
4) formation of late endosome
5) Fusion with lysosome

27
Q

True statements about mitochondrion

A
  • inner membrane has enfolding called cristae
  • outer membrane similar to that of gram-negative bacteria
  • has bacterial like chromosomes inside
28
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

• usually circular and do not contain histone or histone like proteins

29
Q

Archaeal chromosome

A

• Circular and contain histone-like proteins

30
Q

Eukaryote chromosome

A

• linear chromosomes that contain histone proteins

31
Q

Cilia

A
  • One of the most prominent external structures in eukaryotic cells
  • associated with motility
  • 5-20 micrometers in length
32
Q

Components of eukaryotic plasma membrane

A
  • sphingolipids
  • sterols
  • phospholipids
33
Q

Rough ER

A

• studded w ribosomes

34
Q

Types of endocytic pathways

A
  • caveolin-dependent endocytosis
  • phagocytosis
  • clathrin-dependent endocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
35
Q

Caveolin-dependent endocytosis

A

• involves the binding of substances to flask shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane which are also referred to as tiny caves

36
Q

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis steps

A

1) binding to clathrin-coated vesticles
2) invagination of early endosome
3) formation of the late endosome
4) fusion with lysosome

37
Q

Plastids

A
  • can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves
  • chloroplasts are plastids
  • often contain pigments
  • found in photosynthetic protists and plants
38
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

• single type of flagellin

39
Q

Archaeal flagella

A

• multiple, different flagellins

40
Q

Eukaryotic flagella

A

• 9+2 microtubules arrangement

41
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

• protein complex involved in the movement substance across the nuclear envelope

42
Q

ER functions

A
  • transport proteins, lipids, and other materials through cell
  • involved in synthesis of the many of the materials it transports
  • lipids and proteins are synthesized by ER associated enzymes and ribosomes
  • polypeptide chain’s synthesized on RER-bound ribosomes may be inserted either into ER membrane or it’s lumen for transport elsewhere
  • major site of cell membrane synthesis
43
Q

Processes associated with ER

A
  • lipid biosynthesis
  • transport of materials
  • cell membrane synthesis
  • synthesis of secreted proteins
44
Q

Eukaryotes have ____ S ribosomes, bacteria and archaea have ____ S ribosomes

A

• 80, 70

45
Q

Small subunit of eukaryotic RNA

A
  • 40S in size
  • 18S rRNA
  • about 30 proteins
46
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • The organelle that packages cellular materials and prepares them for secretion
  • is involved in the formation of lysosomes
47
Q

A lysosome containing indigestible materials

A

Residual body

48
Q

Macroautophagy

A

•The process by which mammalian cells and some eukaryotic microbes can selectively digest and recycle cytoplasmic components

49
Q

Nucleolus

A

• ribosomal RNAs are synthesized in this region of nucleus

50
Q

Microtubules functions

A
  • support pseudopodia
  • form the spindle apparatus
  • part of cilia and flagella
  • movement of organelles within the cell
51
Q

Chloroplast processes

A
  • trapping of light energy
  • electron transport
  • carbohydrate formation from CO2
  • production of ATP, NADPH, and O2
52
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic flagella

A
  • some have flimmer filaments
  • basal body located in cytoplasm
  • 9+2 pattern or microtubules
  • 100-200 micrometers in length
53
Q

Smooth ER

A

• site of lipid biosynthesis

54
Q

True lysosomes are only found in which cell type

A

•animal

55
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cilia

A
  • motility through oar-like strokes
  • 5-20 micrometers in length
  • basal body located in cytoplasm
  • 9+2 patten of microtubules
56
Q

Hydrogenesome

A

• The location of pyruvate fermentation in some anaerobic Protists

57
Q

______ dependent endocytosis involves binding of substances to coated pits

A

•clathrin

58
Q

Chromatin

A

• A complex of DNA and proteins

59
Q

Most substances taken in by endocytosis are taken to _______ for digestion

A

Lysosome

60
Q

The organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called

A

Golgi apparatus

61
Q

3 motor proteins associated with actin filaments or microtubules

A

1) myosin
2) kinesin
3) dynein

62
Q

When is the highest level of DNA compaction seen?

A

During cell division

63
Q

In eukaryotic cells, most biochemical processes occur in

A

Cytoplasm

Microbiology (5 decks)

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