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Microbiology > CH 5 Eukaryotes EXAM 1 > Flashcards

CH 5 Eukaryotes EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the difference between a microbe and a microorganism.

A

A microbe is a microscopic organism (living) and virus (non-living), also known as germs. Microorganisms are living and both cannot be seen by the naked eye.

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2
Q

Define the three major types of microbes.

A

The three major types of microbes are cellular (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) and acellular (viruses).

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3
Q

How are microbes beneficial to humans and the environment?

A

Microbes are beneficial through immune cells, microbiomes in our stomachs, photosynthesis that produces most atmospheric oxygen, and decomposition.

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4
Q

Explain the general differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes have no true nucleus, are generally smaller, and can be unicellular. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, are larger, and can be unicellular or multicellular.

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5
Q

What is the location of DNA in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?

A

In prokaryotes, DNA is found in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes, DNA is located in the nucleus.

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6
Q

Describe the complexity of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes are less complex and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes are more complex and contain membrane-bound organelles.

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7
Q

How does the size of ribosomes differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Ribosomes in eukaryotes are larger in size and number of proteins compared to those in prokaryotes.

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8
Q

Define the endosymbiotic theory.

A

The endosymbiotic theory explains how certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of eukaryotic flagella.

A

Eukaryotic flagella are composed of microtubules arranged in a pattern of 9 pairs surrounding a single pair (9x2+2).

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10
Q

How do eukaryotic flagella function in locomotion?

A

Eukaryotic flagella function as a means of locomotion, such as in the movement of sperm.

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11
Q

Define the role of ATP in the function of eukaryotic flagella.

A

ATP is used by dynein arms to slide microtubules, facilitating the movement of eukaryotic flagella.

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of cilia.

A

Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella, and they function in movement, feeding, and filtering, particularly in the respiratory area.

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13
Q

How do cilia utilize ATP in their function?

A

Cilia use ATP to power the dynein arms, which enable their movement.

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14
Q

Define the eukaryotic glycocalyx (ECM) and its components.

A

The eukaryotic glycocalyx, or extracellular matrix (ECM), is the outermost layer of most eukaryotic cells, made up of polysaccharides (sugars and carbs).

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the eukaryotic glycocalyx (ECM)?

A

The purpose of the ECM is for adherence, protection, and reception of signals.

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16
Q

Describe the function of the eukaryotic cell wall.

A

The eukaryotic cell wall regulates water and protects the cell from bursting (lysis).

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17
Q

What are the components of plant cell walls?

A

Plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose.

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18
Q

Identify the components of fungal cell walls.

A

Fungal cell walls consist of thick chitin, cellulose, and a thin layer of mixed glycans.

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19
Q

What materials make up algal cell walls?

A

Algal cell walls are composed of cellulose, pectin, and minerals such as silicone dioxide and calcium carbonate.

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the eukaryotic cell membrane.

A

The eukaryotic cell membrane is structured as a bilayer of phospholipids and protein molecules, and it may contain sterols.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the eukaryotic cell membrane?

A

The eukaryotic cell membrane serves as a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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22
Q

Describe the purpose of the cell membrane.

A

The cell membrane maintains fluidity and is important in cells without a cell wall; it is selectively permeable.

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23
Q

Define the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

A

The nucleus stores DNA and is involved in protein synthesis.

24
Q

How do ribosomes contribute to protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes, whether free-floating or attached to the rough ER, translate mRNA into amino acids to synthesize proteins.

25
Q

Explain the role of mitochondria in a cell.

A

Mitochondria are known as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration.

26
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in packaging proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium ions.

27
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins from the ER to be transported throughout the cell.

28
Q

What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

A

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.

29
Q

How do chloroplasts function in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts capture sunlight for photosynthesis, producing glucose.

30
Q

Define the cytoskeleton’s role in eukaryotic cells.

A

The cytoskeleton provides a framework for the cell, facilitates movement, and anchors organelles in place.

31
Q

Describe the general structure of eukaryotic chromosomes.

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes are multi-linear structures with DNA wrapped around histone proteins, neatly packed.

32
Q

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis for somatic cells (genetically identical) and meiosis for sex cells (egg and sperm, with half chromosomes from each parent).

33
Q

Define the characteristics of the Animal Kingdom.

A

Animals are heterotrophic, meaning they need to consume food to generate energy and sustain life.

34
Q

Explain the characteristics of the Plant Kingdom.

A

Plants are autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis.

35
Q

What defines fungi in the context of the 5 Kingdoms?

A

Fungi, or microbes, are saprophytes that feed on decaying matter.

36
Q

Describe the Protist Kingdom.

A

Protists are the first eukaryotes and tend to be simple, single-celled organisms.

37
Q

What distinguishes the Monera Kingdom from other kingdoms?

A

Monera consists of prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and are less complex, representing the earliest cells.

38
Q

Describe the three domains of life.

A

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, while Eukarya consists of eukaryotes. Archaea often live in extreme conditions, such as salty or hot environments.

39
Q

Define the binomial naming system.

A

The binomial naming system is a method of naming organisms using two parts: the genus name, which is capitalized, and the species name, which begins with a lowercase letter. Both names are italicized, for example, Homo sapiens.

40
Q

How are the levels of taxonomy organized?

A

The levels of taxonomy are organized in the following order: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

41
Q

Do prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea?

A

Yes, prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea, which are characterized by their lack of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

42
Q

Explain the significance of 16S rRNA in classifying organisms.

A

16S rRNA is significant in classifying organisms as it is a component of the ribosome used in protein synthesis, and its sequences are highly conserved across different species, allowing for the identification and differentiation of various organisms.

43
Q

What types of environments do archaea typically inhabit?

A

Archaea typically inhabit extreme environments, such as highly saline, hot, or methane-rich conditions.

44
Q

Identify the first level of taxonomy.

A

The first level of taxonomy is Domain.

45
Q

List the levels of taxonomy in order starting from Domain.

A

The levels of taxonomy in order are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

46
Q

How is the genus name formatted in scientific naming?

A

The genus name is formatted with the first letter capitalized and italicized.

47
Q

What is the format for writing species names in scientific classification?

A

The species name is written in lowercase and italicized.

48
Q

Describe the general characteristics of fungi.

A

Fungi are heterotrophic, saprophytic, terrestrial organisms that have cell walls made of chitin. They can be unicellular, like yeast, or multicellular, like molds.

49
Q

Define the two major categories of protists.

A

The two major categories of protists are Subkingdom Algae, which are plant-like, have chloroplasts and cell walls, and Subkingdom Protozoa, which are heterotrophic, lack cell walls, and can regulate water.

50
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Fungi obtain nutrients by being saprophytic, meaning they externally digest dead organic matter.

51
Q

Explain what a cyst is in the context of protists.

A

A cyst is a resistant dormant stage of pathogenic protists, allowing them to survive in harsh conditions, such as stagnant water or soil.

52
Q

Describe the characteristics of protozoa.

A

Protozoa are always unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that can be heterotrophic.

53
Q

What distinguishes algae from protozoa in protists?

A

Algae are characterized by having chloroplasts and cell walls, making them plant-like, while protozoa lack cell walls and are heterotrophic.

54
Q

How do protists differ from fungi in terms of cellular structure?

A

Protists are eukaryotic and can be simple and often single-celled, while fungi have a more complex structure with cell walls made of chitin.

55
Q

Define the term ‘saprophytic’ as it relates to fungi.

A

Saprophytic refers to the mode of nutrition in fungi where they feed on dead organic matter by externally digesting it.

56
Q

Describe the evolutionary significance of protists.

A

Protists are significant as they are considered the first eukaryotes to evolve.

57
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic protists that can form cysts?

A

Examples of pathogenic protists that can form cysts include those causing malaria, giardia, and toxoplasmosis, which can be harmful, especially to pregnant individuals.

Microbiology (9 decks)

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