Ch 5 development and socialization

Question 1

sensitive period

Answer 1

a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire

Question 2

many ____ that are used in certian ____ around the world are not used in others

Answer 2

phenomes , languages

Question 3

prior to adolescence our brain is _____ to language input, but later on, its not as ________

Answer 3

receptive, flexible

Question 4

For bilinguals who learned a second language later in life, what part of the brain lights up

Answer 4

one part is lit up for their native language and another part is lit up fo their second language

Question 5

for billinguals who learned a second languae early in life showed brain activation where

Answer 5

in the same location, regardless of whether they were hearing their native or second language

Question 6

the most pronounces cultural differences should emerge for ?

Answer 6

adults - their minds have had much more time to be shaped by cultural experiences

Question 7

the influences of early childhood

Answer 7

infants personal space
sleeping arrangement
parenting styles
the noun bias

Question 8

mothers in some Western countries are____ responsive to their infants’ vocalizations than in various non-Western countries

Answer 8

more

Question 9

Non western mothers are____ likely to mirror their child’s expressions than mothers from certain Western countries

Answer 9

less

Question 10

European babies, for instance, tend to occupy ______________, and they are often in ______ contact with their mothers

Answer 10

their own physical space , face-to-face

Question 11

what does face-to-face contact do for infants

Answer 11

they interact with their mothers as separate beings

Question 12

co sleeping

Answer 12

children sleep in the same bed as their parents until they are well into their primary school years

Question 13

indians eemed to be guided by four moral principles in deciding which sleeping arrangements were appropriate.

Answer 13

incest avoidance
protection of the vulnerable
female charity anxiety
respect for hierarchy

Question 14

incest avoidance

Answer 14

post pubescent family members of the opposite sex should not sleep in the same room

Question 15

protection of the vulnerable

Answer 15

Young children who are needy and vulner­ able should not be left alone at night.

Question 16

female charity anxiety

Answer 16

Unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity; they should always be chaperoned.

Question 17

respect for hierarchy

Answer 17

adolescent boys achieve social status by not having to sleep with parents or young children

Question 18

americans seemed to be guided by 3 moral principles in deciding which sleeping arrangements were appropriate.

Answer 18

incest avoidance
sacred couple
autonomy ideal

Question 19

sacred couple

Answer 19

Married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual pri­vacy

Question 20

autonomy ideal

Answer 20

Young children who are needy and vulnerable should sleep alone in order to learn self-reliance.

Question 21

attachment theory

Answer 21

infants and parents are biologically prepared to establish close attachments with each other

Question 22

three styles of attachment infants form with their caregivers

Answer 22

secure
avoidant
anxious-ambivalent

Question 23

secure attachment

Answer 23

occasionally seek their mother’s presence when she is around, and intensify their desire to be close to her after being left alone in an unfamiliar situation.
most common in America

Question 24

avoidant attachment

Answer 24

show little distress at their mother’s absence, and avoid her on her return
most common in Germany

Question 25

anxious-ambivalent attachment

Answer 25

show frequent distress when their mother is either present or absent.
least common in America

Question 26

authoritarian parenting

Answer 26

places high demands on children, with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child.
low lev­els of warmth by the parents to the child

Question 27

permissive parenting

Answer 27

parents being very involved with their children, with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness, but placing few limits and controls on the children’s behavior.

Question 28

authoritative parenting

Answer 28

parents hold high expectations of the maturity of their children, try to understand their children’s feelings, teach them how to reg­ulate those feelings, and encourage their children to be independent while maintain­ ing limits and controls on their behavior.
parental warmth, responsiveness, and democratic reasoning.

Question 29

neglectful parenting

Answer 29

parents being cold, unresponsive and indifferent to their children

Question 30

______ are more likely to be explicit about expressing their feelings than are______ parents

Answer 30

westerners , asian

Question 31

one important ele­ment of parenting common in Chinese and various other non-Western parenting styles

Answer 31

training: Making sure children adhere to socially desired behav­iors, includes being a role model, as well as devotion and sacrifice on the part of the parents.

Question 32

noun bias

Answer 32

nouns are better recognized and learned than verbs

Question 33

why to children learn nouns first

Answer 33

nouns are more noticeable, refer to more concrete concepts and are easier to isolate from the environment than other words

Question 34

what children learn nouns more quickly than verbs

Answer 34

North American

Question 35

where is the noun bias harder to identify

Answer 35

East Asians

Question 36

in english syntax _____ come at the ends of sentactes, while some East Asian languages have ____ at the ends of sentences

Answer 36

nouns , verbs

Question 37

terrible twos in western cultures

Answer 37

many Western researchers describe it as an important developmental mile­ stone when the young toddler begins to establish his or her individuality,

Question 38

terrible twos in East Again cultures

Answer 38

it’s considered not a sign of blossoming individuality but an indicator of their immaturity