Ch. 5 -- Biology In The Present: Living People

Question 1

Adult stage

Answer 1

The third stage of life, involving the reproductive years and senescence

Question 2

Aging

Answer 2

The process of maturation

Question 3

Allen’s Rule

Answer 3

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related

Limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments

Question 4

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 4

The rate at which an organism’s body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions

Measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight

Question 5

Basal metabolic requirement

Answer 5

The minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive

Question 6

Bergmann’s Rule

Answer 6

The principle that an animal’s size is heat-related

Smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

Question 7

Bone mass

Answer 7

X

Question 8

Cline

Answer 8

A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

Question 9

Cognitive abilities

Answer 9

Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment

Question 10

Deciduous dentition

Answer 10

Also know as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth

Question 11

Diaphyses

Answer 11

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones

Each contains a medullary cavity

Question 12

Epiphyses

Answer 12

The end portions of long bones

Once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer

Question 13

Functional adaptations

Answer 13

Biological changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime, increasing the individual’s fitness in the given environment

Question 14

Growth velocity

Answer 14

The speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range

Question 16

Homeothermic

Answer 16

Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature

Question 17

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 17

X

Question 18

Hypothermia

Answer 18

A condition in which an organism’s body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and, eventually, death

Question 19

Hypoxia

Answer 19

Less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body

Question 20

Intrauterine

Answer 20

Refers to the area within the uterus

Question 21

Lactation

Answer 21

The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal’s mammary glands, providing a good source for the female’s young

Question 22

Life history

Answer 22

The timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death

Question 23

Macronutrients

Answer 23

Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally

Question 24

Melanin

Answer 24

A brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a human’s skin color due to its concentration in the skin

Question 25

Melanocytes

Answer 25

Melanin-producing cells located in the skin’s epidermis

Question 26

Menarche

Answer 26

Refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female

Question 27

Menopause

Answer 27

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female’s ability to bear children

Question 28

Micronutrients

Answer 28

Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning

Question 29

Motor skills

Answer 29

Refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles

Question 30

Nonmineralized

Answer 30

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component

Question 31

Osteoblasts

Answer 31

X

Question 32

Osteoclasts

Answer 32

X

Question 33

Osteoporosis

Answer 33

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured

Question 34

Postnatal stage

Answer 34

The second stage of life, beginning with birth, terminating with the shift to the adult stage, and involving substantial increases in height, weight, and brain growth and development

Question 35

Prenatal stage

Answer 35

The first stage of life, beginning with the zygote in utero, terminating with birth, and involving multiple mitotic events and the differentiation of the body into appropriate segments and regions

Question 36

Rigidity (bone)

Answer 36

X

Question 37

Secular trend

Answer 37

A phenotypic change due to multiple factors

Can be positive or negative

Question 38

Senescence

Answer 38

Refers to an organism’s biological changes in later adulthood

Question 39

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 39

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species

Question 40

Skin reflectance

Answer 40

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color

Question 41

Stressors

Answer 41

Any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body’s proper functioning and its homeostasis

Question 42

Sun protection factor (SPF)

Answer 42

The rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn

Question 43

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

Answer 43

The number of calories used by an organism’s body during a 24-hour period

Question 44

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 44

X

Question 45

Vasoconstriction

Answer 45

The decrease in blood vessels’ diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug

Can also occur in response to cold temperatures

Question 46

Vasodilation

Answer 46

The increase in blood vessels’ diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug

Can also occur in response to hot temperatures

Question 47

Weaning

Answer 47

The process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother

Question 48

Wolff’s Law

Answer 48

X