CH 5-8 Flashcards by Maddie Oliver

The breaking down of rock

Weathering

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Breaks rock into smaller pieces

Physical Weathering

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Breakdown rock chemically

Chemical Weathering

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Oxidation, Dissolution, and Hydrolysis

Types of Chemical Weathering

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Iron minerals rust. Olivine, biotite, pyroxene, & amphibole

Oxidation

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Minerals dissolve. Halite
& Calcite

Dissolution

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Water reacts with a mineral to form a new mineral. Muscovite & feldspar.

Hydrolysis

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Frost Wedging, Exfoliation, Root Wedging, and Salt Wedging

Types of Physical Weathering

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Water in crack freezes and expands, thus widening crack

Frost Wedging

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Pile of angular rock at base of cliff

Talus slope

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Rock peels off in layers. Result of removal of pressure

Exfoliation

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Plant roots grow in cracks, widening cracks

Root Wedging

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Sate crystals grow in cracks, widens cracks or holes

Salt Wedging

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Form from pre-existing rocks

Sedimantary Rocks

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Appearance of minerals and formation of rock

Texture

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Bedding, Cross Bedding, Graded Bedding, Ripple Marks, & Mud Cracks

Sedimentary Structures

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Layers in the sedimentary rocks

Bedding

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Tells us paleowind direction

Wind Wind
—-> <——-
\\\\ ////////

Cross Bedding

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Layers Based on Size. Tells us that water moved fast but slowed down.
……………..
ooooooooo
OOOOOOO

Graded Bedding

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Gentle waves and/or gentle waves

Ripple Marks

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Arid. Wet and then very dry.
Footprint
|
V
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
V V V V V L___J

Mud cracks

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-When a new fault forms
-Movement on pre-existing fault
-When magma moves

Earthquakes happen

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-Anywhere
-Most occur at plate boundaries

Where earthquakes happen

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Move through the earth

Body Waves

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3 Seismographs for same earthquake. Look for 3 intersecting.

How to find epicenter.

P-wave & S-wave

The 2 types of body waves

-Travels fastest First Compression wave Move material same direction as wave travels

P-wave (Primary Wave)

-Second to arrive -More shaking and damage -Shear wave -Solids only

S-wave (Secondary Wave)

Moves material perpendicular to direction of wave travel

Shear Wave

-Move only on the surface -Slow -Last to arrive -Shaking ~LOTS~Most intense -Most damage -L-wave

Surface Waves

Measure of destruction of earthquake

Intensity

I-XII (1-12) Can change with distance to epicenter

Mercalli Intensity Scale

Measure of size of earthquake

Magnitude

Based on s & p waves Inaccurate for large earthquakes Scale of 1-10

Richter Scale

More accurate for larger earthquakes Based on energy released Based on displacement (amount of movement of fault) Based on size of rupture (size of piece that moved) Rock type Scale of 1-10

Movement Magnitude

Surface waves are most destructive

Shaking

Soft sediment (Sand, gravel, mud) increases amplitude on seismic waves

Amplification of seismic waves

Ground flows like a liquid. Buildings sink or tip over

Liquefaction

Falling rock

Landslides

Caused by broken gas lines

Fire

Water in lakes, pools, rivers, etc sloshes back and forth Water | V |\ | | \ |

Seiche

Huge wave. Huge wavelength |--------------------------------------------|

Tsunami

Recurrence Interval, seismic Gap

Earthquake Prediction

Average amount of time between events

Recurrence Interval

Large amount of time since last Earthquake Area without an Earthquake OR longest time since earthquake

Seismic Gap

Change rock/minerals. No melting, no weathering, change caused by the agents of metamorphism

Metamorphism

How much metamorphism has ocurred

Metamorphic grade

High pressure &/or temperature

High metamorphic grade

Intermediate amounts of pressure &/or temperature

Intermediate metamorphic grade

Low pressure &/or temperature

Low metamorphic grade

The stuff coming out of a volcano

Volcanic Products

Resistance to flow

Viscosity

Forms a "mound", flows slowly for shorter distances EX: honey

High Viscosity Liquids

Spreads over large area, flows fast for longer distances EX: water

Low Viscosity Liquids

Composition: Mafic Rock Type: Basalt Viscosity: Low

Basaltic Lava Flows

Pahoehoe A'a Columnar Joints Pillow Basalts

Features of Basaltic Lavas

Ropy, taffy like lava flow. Looks like pile of rope or yarn

Pahoehoe

A blocky, angular, rubbly lava flow

A'a

Cracks form in lava flows due to shrinkage during cooling

Columnar Joints

Roundish (pillow shape and size) rocks of basalt. Formed underwater. Oceanic hot spot, mid ocean ridge.

Pillow Basalts

Composition: Felsic Rock Type: Rhyolite Viscosity: High

Rhyolitic Lava Flows

Piece

Clast

Rock

Lith

Rocks form from broken pieces of other rock

Clastic

Physical Weathering Erosion Transportation Deposition Lithification

5 steps in the formation of clastic

Removal of pieces

Erosion

Movement -water -wind -ice -gravity

Transportation

Where pieces end up

Depostion

Process by which sediment becomes rock 2 parts: compaction and cementation

Lithification

Rocks precipitated out of water

Chemical

Life involved - shells, fossils, etc.

Biochemical

Life involved - carbon - plants

Organic

Shale Sandstone Conglomerate

Clastic

Limestone Rock Salt

Chemical

Limestone

Biochemical

Coal

Organic

Too small to see/feel

Clay sized

All piece's same size (clay) smooth

Well Sorted

Pieces in rock are not angular

Well Rounded

Different sizes. Rocks are angular

Poorly Sorted

Proximity to magma. Depth. Heat. Crystalline Structure.

Temperature

Convergent plate boundaries --> <-- Depth. Crystalline Structure

Pressure

Near/at magma. Hot water. Depth. Chemical composition. Crystalline structure

Hydrothermal Fluids

Parallel alignment of minerals. Regional Metamorphism.

Foliation

Minerals too small to see. Break into flat layers.

Slaty Cleavage

Wavy layers. Shiny.

Schistosity

Stripes

Gneissic Banding

Everything Else. No stripes. No layers. Contact Metamorphism.

Non-Foliated

Texture: Slaty Cleavage Protolith: Shale Composition: Quarts, clay minerals Details: Smooth, flat layers Foliation

Slate

Rock before metamorphism

Protolith

Which minerals

Composition

Texture: Schistosity Protolith: Granite & More Composition: Quartz, Feldspars, Muscovite, Biotite, Amphibole Details: Shiny due to muscovite and biotite Foliation

Schist

Texture: Gneissic Banding Protolith: Granite & more Composition: Quartz, Feldspars, Muscovite, Biotite, Amphibole Details: Stripes Foliation

Gneiss

Texture: Non-foliated Protolith: Limestone Composition: Calcite Details: Fizzes in acid

Marble

Texture; Non-foliated Protolith: Sandstone Composition: Quartz Details: Scratches Glass

Quartziite

Regional metamorphism and contact metamorphism

Metamorphic Environments

Larger area. Convergence. --> <--. Foliation.

Regional Metamorphism

Smaller area. Heat. Surrounding Magma. Non-foliated.

Contact Metamorphism.

Change of rocks/minerals

Metamorphism

If the rock melts it is _______

Igneous