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bio 168 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

Test 2

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

-Is the largest system of the body
-16% of body weight
-1.5 to 2 m2 in area
-is made up of two parts:
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Accessory structures

A

Integument

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2
Q

Two Components of the Cutaneous Membrane

A

Outer epidermis

Inner dermis

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3
Q

Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)

A

Outer epidermis

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4
Q

Connective tissues

A

Inner dermis

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels in the dermis

A

connections

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6
Q

Sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature

A

Nervous system

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7
Q
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Below the dermis
  • Location of hypodermic injections
A

Hypodermis

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8
Q
  • Protects underlying tissues and organs
  • Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
  • Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
  • Synthesizes vitamin D3
  • Stores lipids
  • Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
A

Functions of Skin

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9
Q
  • Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium

- Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

A

The Epidermis

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10
Q
  • Contain large amounts of keratin

- Are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q
  • Covers most of the body

- Has four layers of keratinocytes

A

Thin Skin

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12
Q
  • Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

- Has five layers of keratinocytes

A

Thick skin

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13
Q

-The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
-From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

A

Structures of the Epidermis

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14
Q
  • Is attached to basement membrane
  • Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
  • Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
A

Stratum Germinativum

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15
Q
  • Increase the area of basement membrane
  • Strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
  • Has many basal cells or germinative cells
A

Dermal papillae

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16
Q
  • Found in hairless skin

- Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)

A

Merkel cells

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17
Q
  • Contain the pigment melanin

- Scattered throughout stratum germinitivum

A

Melanocytes

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18
Q
  • Produced by division of stratum germanitivum
  • Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
  • Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response
A

Stratum Spinosum — the “spiny layer”

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19
Q

Stops dividing, starts producing

A

Stratum Granulosum — the “grainy layer”

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20
Q
  • A tough, fibrous protein

- Makes up hair and nails

A

Keratin

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21
Q
  • Dense granules

- Cross-link keratin fibers

A

keratohyalin

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22
Q
  • Produce protein fibers
  • Dehydrate and die
  • Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
A

Cells of Stratum Granulosum

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23
Q
  • Found only in thick skin

- Covers stratum granulosum

A

Stratum Lucidum — the “clear layer”

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24
Q
  • Exposed surface of skin
  • 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
  • Water resistant
  • Shed and replaced every 2 weeks
A

Stratum Corneum — the “horn layer”

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25
Q
  • The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
  • Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
  • Skin life cycle
  • It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum
A

Keratinization

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26
Q
  • orange-yellow pigment
  • found in orange vegetables
  • accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
  • can be converted to vitamin A
A

Carotene (pigment)

27
Q
  • yellow-brown or black pigment

- produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum

A

Melanin

28
Q

Causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles

A

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

29
Q

-Melanin protects skin from sun damage
-Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles
-Skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes

A

Function of Melanocytes

30
Q
  • Bluish skin tint

- Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

A

Cyanosis

31
Q
  • Buildup of bile produced by liver

- Yellow color

A

Jaundice

32
Q

Excess MSH

A

Pituitary tumor

33
Q
  • A disease of the pituitary gland

- Skin darkening

A

Addison’s disease

34
Q
  • Loss of melanocytes

- Loss of color

A

Vitiligo

35
Q

-Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
-Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
Two components:
1. Outer papillary layer
2. Deep reticular layer

A

The Dermis

36
Q
  • Consists of areolar tissue
  • Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
  • Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
A

Papillary Layer

37
Q
  • Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
  • Contains collagen and elastic fibers
  • Contains connective tissue proper
A

Reticular Layer

38
Q
  • An inflammation of the papillary layer
  • Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
  • Characterized by itch or pain
A

Dermatitis

39
Q
  • Very strong, resist stretching but bends easily

- Provide flexibility

A

Collagen fibers

40
Q
  • Permit stretching and then recoil to original length

- Limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

A

Elastic fibers

41
Q

Properties of flexibility and resilience

A

Skin turgor

42
Q

Sagging and wrinkles:

  • Dehydration
  • Age
  • Hormonal changes
  • UV exposure
A

Skin Damage

43
Q
  • Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to:
  • Pregnancy
  • Weight gain
A

Stretch marks

44
Q

Bruising

A

An accumulation of blood from damaged vessels

45
Q
  • Lies below the integument
  • Stabilizes the skin
  • Allows separate movement
  • Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
  • Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
  • Few capillaries and no vital organs
  • The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
A

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

46
Q
  • Protects and insulates
  • Guards openings against particles and insects
  • Is sensitive to very light touch
A

Functions of Hair

47
Q
  • Located deep in dermis
  • Produces nonliving hairs
  • Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath
  • Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)
A

Hair Follicle

48
Q
  • Involuntary smooth muscle
  • Causes hairs to stand up
  • Produces “goose bumps”
A

Arrector pill

49
Q
  • Lubricate the hair

- Control bacteria

A

Sebaceous glands

50
Q
  • Lower part of the hair

- Attached to the integument

A

Hair root

51
Q
  • Upper part of the hair

- Not attached to the integument

A

Hair shaft

52
Q

The central core

A

Medulla

53
Q

The middle layer

A

Cortex

54
Q

The surface layer

A

Cuticle

55
Q
  • Soft, fine

- Cover body surface

A

vellus hairs

56
Q
  • Heavy, pigmented
  • Head, eyebrows, and eyelashes
  • Other parts of body after puberty
A

Terminal hairs

57
Q
  • Holocrine glands

- Secrete sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands (oil glands)

58
Q
  • Contains lipids and other ingredients
  • Lubricates and protects the epidermis
  • Inhibits bacteria
A

Sebum

59
Q
  • Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin
  • Secrete products into hair follicles
  • Produce sticky, cloudy secretions
  • Break down and cause odors
A

Apocrine Sweat Glands

60
Q
  • Widely distributed on body surface
  • Especially on palms and soles
  • Coiled, tubular glands
  • Discharge directly onto skin surface
  • Sensible perspiration
  • Water, salts, and organic compounds
A

merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

61
Q
  • Cools skin
  • Excretes water and electrolytes
  • Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
A

Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity

62
Q

Produce milk

A

Mammary glands (mammals)

63
Q
  • Produce cerumen (earwax)

- Protect the eardrum

A

Ceruminous glands

bio 168 (1 decks)

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