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HP 431 - Biomechanics > Ch. 5 & 7 Quiz > Flashcards

Ch. 5 & 7 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Aspects of the shoulder

A
  • The scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromiocavicular (AC), and glenohumeral joints
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2
Q

How is movement at the shoulder joints generated?

A

Concomitantly (at the same time)

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3
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint Movement

A
  • clavicle movement -
    superior and inferior - elevation and depression
    Anterior and posterior - protraction and retraction
    Rotate anteriorly and posteriorly - along long axis
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4
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A
  • Coracoclavicular ligament - assist scapular movements by serving as axis of rotation and support during movements requiring more range of motion and displacement, also protects underlying structures in the shoulder
  • Shoulder girdle is suspended from the clavicle by the coracoclavicular ligament and serves as the primary restraint to vertical displacement
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5
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A
  • Physiological joint - doesn’t connect bone to bone
  • rests on 2muscles serratus anterior and subscapularis
  • there is 1° of scapulothoracic elevation for
    every 2° of glenohumeral elevation occurring at the same time
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6
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A
  • Coracohumeral ligament - taut when are is adducted, and constrains the humeral head on the glenoid
  • Glenohumeral Ligaments - 3 of them that reinforce the capsule, prevent anterior displacement of humeral head, and tighten up when should externally rotates
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7
Q

Movement Characteristics of Shoulder

A
  • 180° of flexion or abduction, 60° of hyperextension, 75° of
    hyperadduction, 90° of internal and external rotation, 135° of horizontal adduction, and 45° of horizontal abduction
  • Scapulohumeral rhythm - working relationship between the joints
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8
Q

What are the Rotator Cuffs and what do they do?

A
  • Teres minor, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and Supraspinatus
  • Stabilize and keep the humeral head compressed into the joint
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9
Q

Strength of the shoulder muscle movements

A
  • Adduction > Extension > Flexion > Abduction > Internal Rot > External Rot
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10
Q

Injury to the Sternoclavicular joint

A
  • Can sprain or dislocate anteriorly if an individual falls on the top of the shoulder in the area of the middle deltoid, pain with horizontal abduction movements
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11
Q

What is the most common injury to the clavicle?

A
  • Fracture to the middle third of the clavicle
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12
Q

What percentage of dislocations are anterior and inferior? What is the rehabilitation look like for this dislocation?

A
  • 95% of dislocations
  • the focus is strengthening the deltoid, rotator cuff, and scapula stabilizers during rehabilitation
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13
Q

Subluxation

A
  • If the joint is too loose, it may quickly slide partially in and out of place
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14
Q

Subacromial Impingement Syndrome

A
  • common injury to rotator cuff- happens when greater tuberosity pushes against the underside of the acromion process
  • impingement occurs in the range of 70° to 120° of flexion or abduction
  • tennis serve, throwing, butterfly and crawl strokes in swimming
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15
Q

Scapular Dyskinesis

A
  • Alteration of normal position or abnormal movement of the scapula during scapulohumeral movements
    -excessive upper trapezius and reduced lower trapezius and serratus anterior
  • Primary causes - weakness, fatigue or delay in activation of the lower trapezius
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16
Q

Elbow and Radioulnar Joints

A
  • Ulnohumeral joint - articulation btw the ulna and the humerus, helps flex and extend
  • Radiohumeral joint - also aids in flexion and extension of forearm
  • Radioulnar joint - movement btw the radius and ulna in pronation and supination
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17
Q

Later epicondyle vs . Medial epicondyle

A
  • L.E. - serves as a site of attachment for the lateral ligaments and the forearm supinator and forearm extensor muscles
  • M.E. - accommodates the medial ligaments and the forearm flexors and pronators
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18
Q

Medial or ulnar Collateral Ligament (MCL)

A
  • Connects the ulna to the humerus and offers support and resistance to vagus stresses imposed on the elbow joint
  • Anterior band of MCL is taut (stretched) in extension
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19
Q

Lateral or radial Collateral Ligaments (LCL)

A
  • connects radius to humerus and is taut (stretched)) throughout the entire range of flexion
  • prevent varus stresses (rare) not significant in supporting joint
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20
Q

Annular Ligament

A
  • Wraps around the head of the radius and attached to the side of the ulna: holds the radius in the joint
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21
Q

Movement Characteristics of Elbow

A
  • Range of motion at the elbow in flexion and extension is approximately 145° of active flexion, 160° of passive flexion, and 5° to10° of hyperextension
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22
Q

Flexor Muscle Group of Elbow/Forearm

A
  • At 100° to 120° of flexion, the mechanical
    advantage of the flexors is maximal
  • Brachialis - plays a bigger role when forearm is pronated
  • Biceps Brachii - most effective as a flexor in supination
  • Brachioradialis - flexes elbow most effectively when the forearm is in midpronation
23
Q

Extensors Muscle Group of Elbow/Forearm

A
  • The triceps brachii has great strength potential and work capacity because of its muscle volume
24
Q

Medial Flexor and Pronator Group of Elbow/Forearm

A
  • Pronator teres and three wrist muscles flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus
25
Q

Lateral Extensor and Supinator Muscle Group of Elbow/Forearm

A
  • Supinator and three wrist muscles extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis
26
Q

Strength of the Forearm Muscles

A
  • Flexion > Extension > Semiprone > Pronation > Supination
27
Q

Myositis Ossificans

A
  • Direct blows to any muscle
  • Body deposits ectopic bone in muscle in response to the severe bruising and repeated stress to the muscle tissue
28
Q

Rupture of the long head of the biceps brachii

A
  • Commonly seen in adults
  • joint movements facilitating this injury are arm hyperextension, wrist extension, and forearm pronation
29
Q

Medial Tension Syndrome

A
  • the valgus forces of throwing
30
Q

What is excessive force responsible for?

A
  • sprain or rupture of the ulnar
    collateral ligaments, medial epicondylitis, tendinitis of the forearm or wrist flexors, avulsion fractures to the medial epicondyle, and osteochondritis dissecans (lesion in the bone and articular cartilage)
    to the capitulum or olecranon
31
Q

Lateral Epicondylitis or Tennis Elbow

A
  • Associated with force overload to the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle resulting from improper technique or use of a heavy gripping acton
32
Q

Wrist and Finger Joints

A
  • Radiocarpal Joint - involves the broad distal end of the radius and two carpals, the scaphoid and the lunate
  • Distal Radioulnar Articulation - the ulna makes no contact with the carpals
  • Midcarpal Joint - articulation btw the 2 rows of carpals
  • Intercarpal Joint - articulation btw a pair of carpal bones
33
Q

Scaphoid

A
  • Most important carpal because it supports the weight of the arm, transmits force received from the hand to the bones of the forearm, a key participant in wrist joint actions
34
Q

Carpomentacarpal (CMC) Joint

A
  • connects the carpals with each of the five fingers via the metacarpals
35
Q

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints

A
  • Main joint for movement of thumb
36
Q

Proximal interpalangeal (PIP) and Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

A
  • Thumb has one IP joint and consequently has only two sections or phalanges, the proximal and distal phalanges.
  • The fingers, however, have three phalanges, the proximal, middle, and distal.
37
Q

Muscles of Wrist and Fingers

A
  • Thenar Eminence - 4 intrinsic muscles of the thumb form the fleshy region in the palm
  • Hypothenar Eminence - 3 intrinsic muscles of the little finger
  • Medial epicondyle - wrist flexor
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris - strongest flexor of the group
  • Lateral epicondyle - wrist extensors
38
Q

Medial Epicondylitis vs Lateral Epicondylitis

A
  • Associated with overuse of the wrist flexors, and lateral epicondylitis is associated with overuse of the wrist extensors
39
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A
  • One of most frequent work injuries reported
  • Impingement of median nerve can cause pain, tingling sensation
40
Q

33 Vertebrae Explained

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 fused sacral vertebrae
  • 5 fused vertebrae of coccyx
  • The junction where one curve ends and the next one begins is usually a site of great mobility, which is also vulnerable to injury.
41
Q

Anterior Portion of Vertebral Column

A
  • Absorbs large amounts of compressive forces
  • Anterior portion is responsible for most of the mobility in the spine
  • When rotation is applied to the disc, half of the fibers tighten, and the fibers running in the other direction will be loosened
42
Q

Posterior Portion of Vertebral Column

A
  • Includes neural arches, intervertebral joints, transverse and spinous processes and ligaments
  • Resist both shear and forward bending of the spine
  • Resist lateral bending of the trunk
43
Q

Cervical Region

A
  • Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
  • Atlas has no vertebral body or spinous process
  • atlanto-occipital joint - articulation of atlas with skull, allows 10° to 15° of flexion and extension (nodding)
  • atlantoaxial joint - articulation btw atlas and axis, most mobile cervical joints, 50° of rotation
  • Maximum rotation in the cervical vertebrae occurs at C1–C2, maximum lateral flexion at C2–C4, and maximum flexion and extension at C1–C3
    and C7–T1
44
Q

Thoracic Region

A
  • Range of motion in the thoracic region for flexion and extension combined is 3° to 12°. Lateral flexion and rotation is also limited in the thoracic vertebrae, ranging from 2° to 9°
45
Q

Lumbar Region

A
  • Collective range of motion in lumbar region ranges from 52° to 59° for flexion, 15° to 37° for extension, 14° to 26° for lateral flexion, and 9° to 18° of rotation
46
Q

Movement Characteristics of Total Spine

A
  • Flexion of the whole trunk occurs primarily in the lumbar vertebrae through the first 50° to 60° and is then moved into more flexion by forward tilt of the pelvis. Extension occurs through a reverse movement in which first the pelvis tilts posteriorly and then the lumbar spine
    extends
47
Q

Strength of the Trunk Muscles

A
  • The greatest strength output in the trunk can be developed in extension, then flexions, followed by lateral flexion and rotation
48
Q

Spinal Stabilization

A
  • The spine is stabilized by three systems, including a passive musculoskeletal system, an active musculoskeletal subsystem, and the
    neural feedback system
49
Q

Posture

A
  • In the slouched posture, most of the responsibility for maintaining posture is passed onto the ligaments and capsules
  • One of the most important factors for both standing and sitting is to avoid prolonged static postures
50
Q

Disc protrusions/prolapse

A
  • Disc protrusions occur most frequently at the intervertebral junctions of C5–C6, C6–C7, L4–L5, and
    L5–S1
51
Q

Spondylolysis

A
  • involves a fatigue fracture of the posterior neural arch
  • There is a 20.7% incidence of spondylolysis in athletes
52
Q

Forces Acting at Joints in the Trunk

A
  • In full trunk flexion, the loads are maintained and absorbed by the apophyseal capsular ligaments, intervertebral disc, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, and ligamentum flavum, in that order
53
Q
A

HP 431 - Biomechanics (2 decks)

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