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KNES 371 Exam 2 > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Observable Motor Behavior Requires

A

Nervous System
Musculoskeletal system
Sensory System

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

Plan of action

Control of skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Execution of the movement

Ongoing control of the action plan (some relation to sensory system)

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4
Q

Sensory System

A

Provides information to the CNS

Feedback

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5
Q

Motor Control

A

Distributed through the CNS (NOT only the brain)

Neural task centers

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6
Q

Neural Task Centers

A

areas of the CNS that have specific functions during planning/execution of a task

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7
Q

Functional Neural Task Centers

A

Limbic system
Association cortex
Projection system
Spinal System

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

the decision to act

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9
Q

Association cortex

A

What to do (the general plan)

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10
Q

Projection system

A

How to do (adds the details)

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11
Q

Spinal system

A

Execution (final details, control, modification)

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12
Q

The Limbic System

A

Initiates the decision to act: decision triggers subsequent events in the planning process
Involved in emotion, motivation, and learning
Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdule, septal area, and hippocampus
System receives and analyzes information: analysis is dependent upon memory

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13
Q

The Association Cortex

A

Develops the general plan of action
Includes portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (wide distribution)
Receives partially processed sensory information from other areas of the CNS (processing continues)
Identifies, selects, and combines meaningful information for distribution to higher cortical levels

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14
Q

The Association Cortex Cont.

A

The quality of the general plan is influenced by previous experience and the initial evaluation of the situation
Neural pathways connect the limbic system and the association cortex: function cooperatively to guide goal-directed behavior

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15
Q

The Projection System

A

Adds details to the general plan
Provides detailed motor and sensory information to match the goal of the movement and the environmental demands
Includes the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the motor cortex

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16
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Located in the midbrain
Relay station for motor impulses passing from cortex to the brain stem/spinal cord
Modifies pattern of these motor impulses (thereby control various activities)
Responsible for scaling of movement parameters

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17
Q

The Cerebellum

A

Located in occipital lobes; posterior to the brain stem
Communicates with other parts of CNS
Compares arriving sensory information with information being sent out from the cortex/projection system
Error detection and correction

18
Q

Cerebellum Communcates with

A

other parts of the CNS through peduncles (nerve tracts)
superior
middle
inferior

19
Q

The Cerebellum (Cont.)

A

Receives sensory info concerning the position of the body parts (inferior peduncles)
Receives signals from the cortex and intended position of the body (middle peduncles)
After integrating/analyzing this information, the cerebellum sends correcting info to the midbrain (superior peduncles)
-The corrections are incorporated into motor impulses traveling downward through the brainstem/spinal cord to move the body in the intended way

20
Q

The Motor Cortex

A

Involved in the production of fine motor skills; not all skills
Helps regulated muscular force during movement

21
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A

Actual execution of movements and control of speed and force in contracting muscles

22
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex (SMA)

A

Preparation of internally generated movements

23
Q

Premotor Cortex (PMA)

A

Advanced planning and coordination of complex bilateral movement sequences

24
Q

Corticospinal Tract (CST)

A

CST fibers orientate at M1, with some originating in SMA, PMA, and sensory cortex
The uninterrupted pathway synapse in the spinal cord
CST has large-diamtere axons, most are myelinated. This guarantees that information reaches its destination fast
Functions: controls fine movements and modulates the flow of sensory information being conveyed by the somatosensory pathways

25
Q

Medial Brainstem System (MBS)

A

Comprised of three pathways:
Vestibulospinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus in the brainstem)
Reticulospinal tract (originates in the reticular formation)
Tectospinal tract (originates in the superior colliculus)
Functions: postural control including control of axial musculature, balance reflexes, and head and neck orienting reactions

26
Q

Lateral Brainstem System (LBS)

A

The rubrospinal tract is the major pathway
It originates in the red nucleus
Functions: facilitates alpha motor neurons that innervate the extensor muscles
Works with eh CST in facilitating the same spinal reflexes and innervating the same distal flexor muscles groups
Controls the action of a few muscle groups. This pathway is not well developed in the human brain.

27
Q

Spinal System

A

Executes the plan of action
Regulates the timing of muscles
-Alpha motor neurons > skeletal muscles
-Gamma motor neurons > muscle spindle
Adds the final details about execution and ongoing control and/or modification
Contrains feedback loops: sampling the movement for comparison with the goals and the environment
Post movement evaluation based on feedback

28
Q

Moment to moment control of action

A

Once the plan of action has been developed within the CNS, the appropriate muscle response synergies must be recruited to execute the plan

29
Q

Muscle Response Synergies

A

Groups of muscles constrained to act as a single functional unit
Reduces the number of degrees of freedom
Simplifies the decision-making process for the CNS:
type of action produced at the joint(s) crossed by the muscle response synergy
the totally number of synergies needed to generate enough force to produce the desired action

30
Q

Spinal System Neurons: Alpha Motor Neurons

A

Final pathway from CNS to skeletal muscles
Organized into groups, or pools, within the spinal cord
Function as teams to innervate groups of muscles

31
Q

Spinal System Neurons: Gamma Motor Neurons

A

Pathway from brain to muscle spindle

Increase precision of control

32
Q

Spinal System Neurons: Interneurons

A

Synapse with alpha motor neurons
Exist in elaborate networks within the spinal cord
Create the opportunity for excitation or inhibition of the motor neuron pools with which they synapse
-Reciprocal inhibition
-Appears to occur without being directed to do so by other subsystems within the CNS

33
Q

The motor unit

A

One alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

34
Q

Innervation Ratio

A

Smaller motor units increase precision

Larger motor units increase force

35
Q

Types of Motor Units

A

Slow-Twitch / Fatigue Resistant (SFR)
Fast-Twitch / Fatigue Resistant (FTR)
Fast-Twitch / Fatiguable (FTF)

36
Q

How do we recruit the right motor units for the desired action?

A

Size Principle:
Smaller motor units: recruited first; longer firing duration
-first on/last off
Larger motor units: recruited progressively; shorter firing duration
-last on/first off

37
Q

Advantages (Motor Unit)

A

Graded force production
Smooth and efficient motion
recruitment can stop when the force is appropriate
decreased the degrees of freedom possible

38
Q

Subconscious Control of Movement: Short Loop Reflexes

A

Involved a single segment of the spinal cord

Used for small adjustments

39
Q

Subconscious Control of Movement: Stretch Reflex

A

The SR involves the sensory receptor, afferent and efferent motor neuron (triggered when the length of muscle is altered)
Impulses are sent to spinal cord where they synapse with alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle just altered
Activation of the SR enables us to continually alter muscle tone and/or make subtle adjustments in muscle length during movement
Subtle corrections in limb position are achieved much more quickly via the SR (30-50 ms) than by visual correction (150-200 ms)

40
Q

Subconscious Control of Movement: Long loop reflexes

A

Influence force levels in muscle groups that are far from the point of the original stimulation; a portion goes to the brain
Large modifications
Ex. withdraws reflex

41
Q

Constraints on Action: Intrinsic Capabilities of the Performer

A

Perceptual-motor abilities: reaction time, multi limb coordination
Physical proficiency abilities: flexibility, strength, etc.

42
Q

Constraints on Action: Task-Related Contraints

A 
Accuracy and speed demands 
Fitts Law
Lower accuracy = higher speed
higher accuracy = lower speed
Cognitive/Attentional Demands

KNES 371 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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