Ch 5,6,7 Flashcards
What is a polymer?
long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
What is a dehydration reaction?
condensation reaction, 2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule
What is hydrolosis?
polymers disassembled to monomers, reverse of dehydration reaction
What is a carbohydrate?
Sugars and polymers of sugars
What is a glycoside linkage?
covalent bond when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides
What is starch?
Storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose onomers
What is cellulose?
Major structural component of cell wall of plants, polymer of glucose
What is a lipid?
One class of large biological molecules that do NOT form polymers, little to no affinity for water
What is a fatty acid?
Carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton
What is Esther linkage?
fatty acid linkage to glycerol
What is triaglycerol?
3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by Esther linkage
What is saturated fatty acid?
maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
What is unsaturated fatty acid?
have 1 or more double bonds
What is protein?
account for more than 50% of dry mass in most cells, structural support, transport, cell communication, movement, defense against foreign substances
What is a polypeptide?
polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids
What is an amino acid?
organic molecules w/ carboxyl/amino groups
What is a peptide bond?
how amino acids link
What is Nucleic Acid?
gene (unit of inheritance) made DNA
What is nucleotides?
monomer of polynucleotides
What is phosphodiester linkage?
2 hydroxyl groups react w/ hydroxyl groups to form 2 ester bonds
What is the dehydration reaction and how is this reaction responsible for the production of polymers?
2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule, reaction occurs b/c polymers are monomers bonded together
What is hydrolysis? How is this reaction responsible for the breakdown of players?
hydrolysis = water added, breaks down polymers = polymers formed by taking away water to create chain, add water breaks chain again, reverse of dehydration
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars/plymers of sugars
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
provide body w/ glucose for energy
Distinguish between, be able to recognize the structure of, and give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharides.
monosaccharide = formulas usually multiples of CH20, glucose is common, serve as major fuel and raw material for building molecules disaccharide = dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides by glycosidic linkage polysaccharide = polymers of sugars, structure/func determined by sugar monomers/position of glycosidic linkages, good example is starch from plants, glycogen is storage polysaccharide in animals (found in muscle/liver)
State the name given to the bond between monosaccharides.
glycosidic linkage
What is a lipid?
one class of large biological molecules that don’t form polymers, hydrophobic due to non polar covalent bonds, important (fats, phospholipids, steriods)
Describe the function of lipids
energy storage
Give examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steriods
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of Triacylglycerol (triglycerides, fats/oils)
3 fatty acids joins to glycerol by ester linkage, regulates animal temps
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of phospholipids.
2 fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol, major component of all cell membranes
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of steriods.
lipids characterized by carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings, cholesterol is an important steriod
State the subunits that make up fats.
glycerol (3 carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group attache to each carbon) and fatty acids (carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton)
Describe a triglyceride molecule and state the name given to the bond between the glycerol and fatty acid
triglyceride description = 3 fatty acids joined by glycerol
bond = ester linkage
Distinguish between the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
double bond in carbon creates kin in unsaturated fats
What is a protein?
biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of 1 or more long chains of amino acids
Give examples of protein functions.
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign sbustances
State the monomer subunits that make up proteins.
amino acids (organic molecules w/ carboxyl and amino groups)
Show the structural formula of an amino acid, including the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the R group.
amino group (H2N) attached to carboxyl group (CO2H w/ double bond, and an R group
Describe the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of amino acids
phosphate head (hydrophilic), amino acid tails (hydrophobic)
Which amino acids are non polar?
glycine,, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalamine, tryptophan, proline
Which amino acids are polar?
serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine
Which amino acids are electrically charged?
aspartic, glutamic, lysine, arginine, histodine
State the name given to the bond between amino acids.
peptide bonds
Distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.
polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids that range in length (has unique linear sequence of amino acids), protein has one or more poly peptides twisted/folded/coiled into unique shape
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Primary
sequence of amino acids, inherited
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Secondary
hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Tertiary
determined by interactions between R groups, shape determined by hydrophobic interactions
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Quaternary
2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
What is a Nucleic Acid?
store/transmit hereditary info
State 2 kinds of nucleic acids.
deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
State the monomer subunits that make up nucleic acids.
nucleotides (nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group), nucleoside (portion of nucleotide w/ out phosphate group)
Describe and be able to recognize the molecular structure of nucleotide.
Phosphate (O4P w/ double bond) connected to sugar and nitrogenous base
State the name given to the bond between nucleotides.
covalent
Explain the function of DNA and RNA
DNA func = stores hereditary info
RNA func = carries protein coding instructions from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery
Name the function of a nucleus
“brains”, directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA
Name the function of nuclear envelope
double membrane that encloses cell nucleus
Name the function of nucleous
makes ribosomal subunits from protein and rRNA
Name the function of ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, bind messenger RNA and transfers RNA to create proteins
Name the function of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth (synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, detoxify harmful metabolic byproducts)
rough ( has ribosomes as “studs” and plays central role in making proteins)
Name the function of vesicles
transports liquids by encasing in lipid Pilar, can be found inside/outside cell, “amazon boxes”
Name the function of Golgi apparatus
Transports, modifies and packs proteins and lipids into vesicles, “amazon building”
Name the function of lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes that break down excess or worn out cell parts
Name the functions of vacuoles
provides storage, ingestion, digestion, expression, expulsion of water for plants
Name the function of the mitochondria
“power house”, turns sugar into energy
Name the function of chloroplasts.
conducts photosynthesis and gives plants their green pigment
Name the function of peroxisome
creates hydrogen peroxide by bonding oxygen to fatty/amino acids
Name the function of cytoskeletons.
helps cell maintain it’s shape by using microtubules and filaments
Distinguish between magnification and resolution
magnify = make image larger resolution = make 2 objects distinguishable
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
prokaryotic = no membrane eukaryotic = membrane bound and stores genes in nucleus
Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes.
free = floats in cell watery fluid, not attache to anything bound = attached and produces proteins to be used elsewhere
Describe the structure and function of the components (organelles) of the endomembrane system.
nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, Golgi, plasma membrane
Describe function and structure of microtubules
hollow rods, 2nm diameter, 200 nm to 25 microns long, shapes cell, guiding movement of organelles, separates chromosomes during cell division
Describe function and structure of microfilaments
2 intertwined strands of actin (protein subunit), 7 nm diameter, maintains cell shape, changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility/division
Describe function and structure of intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins super coiled into thicker cables, 8-12 nm diameter, think keratin, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and certain other organelles, forms nuclear lamina
Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relate to their functions.
cilia = power stroke, back pack comparison (get whipped) flagella = sperm movement
State the purpose and location of a plant cell wall
protect plant cell, maintain shape, prevents excessive uptake of water
Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
animal cells b/c they lack cell walls, made of glycoproteins (collagen, proteglucans, fibronectin), binds to receptor proteins
Describe plasmodesmatas
channels that perforate plant cell walls, water/small solutes can pass from cell to cell
Describe gap junctions.
communicating, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Describe tight junctions.
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Describe desosomes.
anchoring, fasten cells into strong sheets
Define amphipathic.
phospholipids, contains hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions
Define integral protein.
type of membrane protein permanently attached to biological membrane
Define peripheral protein.
membrane proteins that temporarily adhere to associated membranes
Define phospholipid
lipid containing phosphoric acid
Define glycolipid.
lipid w/ carbohydrate attached
Define glycoprotein.
proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side chains
Define transport protein.
what charged molecules depend on, allow passage of hydrophilic substances across membrane, also called channel proteins
Define diffusion.
tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space
Define passive transport
diffusion of substance across biological membrane, requires no energy
Define facilitated diffusion
transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane
Define osmosis
diffusion of water
Define active transport
uses ATP to transport
Define isotonic
no water movement b/c solute concentration is the same
Define hypotonic
solute concentration is less than inside cell, cell gains water
Define hypertonic
solute concentration greater than inside cell, cell loses water
Define excytosis
bulk transport outside cell
Define endocytosis
bulk transport inside cell
Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.
membrane is fluid structure w/ “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it
Identify the structural components of phospholipids.
phosphate head, glycerol head (+), connected to non polar fatty acids
Identify the structural components of membrane proteins.
determine membrane function, embedded in fluid matrix of lipid billy – has glycolipids and glycoproteins
Identify the structural components of cholesterol
tightly packed in groups of four, not as affected by temp changes
Show the molecular structure of phospholipids.
phosphate head connected to glycerol w/ fatty acid tails
Explain how the amphipathic nature of molecules w/ hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions form membranes
tails of fatty acids connect to create bilayer
Explain the role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
optimum fluidity - fish in warm water would want to have saturated (solid) to prevent them from falling apart, fish in cold water would want to have unsaturated (liquid) to allow them to move around
Explain the role of cholesterol in membranes in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
cholesterol is a stiff molecule that is not as affected by temp changed
Describe the amphipathic nature of integral membrane proteins.
folded proteins are hydrophobic, unfolded proteins are hydrophillic
Describe the structure of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the plasma membrane.
glycolipid (lipid w/ carb, maintain stability of cell and plays part in cell to cell communication)
glycoprotein (oligosaccharide w/ amino acid side chain)
Describe the process of making new plasma membrane sections inside a cell.
add to pre existing membrane
List the major functions of plasma membrane.
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
Define diffusion.
tendency of molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
State which chemical substances can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane and which substances cannot.
can = uncharge, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrophobic molecules can't = proteins, glucose, charged particles like ions
What is a concentration gradient?
the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another
What is a charge gradient?
effect of membrane potential on ion’s movement
What is an electrochemical gradient?
2 combined forces, drive the diffusion of ions across membrane
Define facilitated diffusion
transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane
Define osmosis.
diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membranes
What is a hypersonic solution
solute concentration is greater than inside cell, cell loses H2O
What is hypotonic solution?
solute concentration less than inside cell, cell gains H2O
What is an isotonic aqueous solution?
solute concentration is same as inside cell, no H2O movement
Relate solution tonicity to crenation and lysis in animal cells to plasmolysis in plant cells.
tonicity = solution causes cell to gain/lose H2O crenation = shape lysed = animal cell gains H2O, causes it to be round/explode plasmolyze = pant cell looses H2O, causes it to shrivel
Define active transport
uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
Define exocytosis and describe the process involving a glove vesicle.
tranport vesicles migrate to membrane, fuse w/ it and release content
Define endocytosis
cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane
What is phagocytosis
cellular eating
What is pinocytosis
cellular drinking
What is receptor mediated endocystosis
Cellular hands
