Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 111 > Ch 5,6,7 > Flashcards

Ch 5,6,7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

condensation reaction, 2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hydrolosis?

A

polymers disassembled to monomers, reverse of dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a glycoside linkage?

A

covalent bond when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose onomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Major structural component of cell wall of plants, polymer of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a lipid?

A

One class of large biological molecules that do NOT form polymers, little to no affinity for water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Esther linkage?

A

fatty acid linkage to glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is triaglycerol?

A

3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by Esther linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is saturated fatty acid?

A

maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is unsaturated fatty acid?

A

have 1 or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is protein?

A

account for more than 50% of dry mass in most cells, structural support, transport, cell communication, movement, defense against foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

organic molecules w/ carboxyl/amino groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

how amino acids link

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Nucleic Acid?

A

gene (unit of inheritance) made DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is nucleotides?

A

monomer of polynucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is phosphodiester linkage?

A

2 hydroxyl groups react w/ hydroxyl groups to form 2 ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the dehydration reaction and how is this reaction responsible for the production of polymers?

A

2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule, reaction occurs b/c polymers are monomers bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hydrolysis? How is this reaction responsible for the breakdown of players?

A

hydrolysis = water added, breaks down polymers = polymers formed by taking away water to create chain, add water breaks chain again, reverse of dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars/plymers of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the function of carbohydrates.

A

provide body w/ glucose for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Distinguish between, be able to recognize the structure of, and give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharides.

A 
monosaccharide = formulas usually multiples of CH20, glucose is common, serve as major fuel and raw material for building molecules
disaccharide = dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides by glycosidic linkage
polysaccharide = polymers of sugars, structure/func determined by sugar monomers/position of glycosidic linkages, good example is starch from plants, glycogen is storage polysaccharide in animals (found in muscle/liver)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

State the name given to the bond between monosaccharides.

A

glycosidic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a lipid?

A

one class of large biological molecules that don’t form polymers, hydrophobic due to non polar covalent bonds, important (fats, phospholipids, steriods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the function of lipids

A

energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give examples of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steriods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of Triacylglycerol (triglycerides, fats/oils)

A

3 fatty acids joins to glycerol by ester linkage, regulates animal temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of phospholipids.

A

2 fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol, major component of all cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of steriods.

A

lipids characterized by carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings, cholesterol is an important steriod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

State the subunits that make up fats.

A

glycerol (3 carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group attache to each carbon) and fatty acids (carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe a triglyceride molecule and state the name given to the bond between the glycerol and fatty acid

A

triglyceride description = 3 fatty acids joined by glycerol

bond = ester linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Distinguish between the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

A

double bond in carbon creates kin in unsaturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a protein?

A

biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of 1 or more long chains of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Give examples of protein functions.

A

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign sbustances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

State the monomer subunits that make up proteins.

A

amino acids (organic molecules w/ carboxyl and amino groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Show the structural formula of an amino acid, including the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the R group.

A

amino group (H2N) attached to carboxyl group (CO2H w/ double bond, and an R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of amino acids

A

phosphate head (hydrophilic), amino acid tails (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which amino acids are non polar?

A

glycine,, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalamine, tryptophan, proline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which amino acids are polar?

A

serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which amino acids are electrically charged?

A

aspartic, glutamic, lysine, arginine, histodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

State the name given to the bond between amino acids.

A

peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

A

polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids that range in length (has unique linear sequence of amino acids), protein has one or more poly peptides twisted/folded/coiled into unique shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Primary

A

sequence of amino acids, inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Secondary

A

hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Tertiary

A

determined by interactions between R groups, shape determined by hydrophobic interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Quaternary

A

2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A

store/transmit hereditary info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

State 2 kinds of nucleic acids.

A

deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

State the monomer subunits that make up nucleic acids.

A

nucleotides (nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group), nucleoside (portion of nucleotide w/ out phosphate group)

53
Q

Describe and be able to recognize the molecular structure of nucleotide.

A

Phosphate (O4P w/ double bond) connected to sugar and nitrogenous base

54
Q

State the name given to the bond between nucleotides.

A

covalent

55
Q

Explain the function of DNA and RNA

A

DNA func = stores hereditary info

RNA func = carries protein coding instructions from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery

56
Q

Name the function of a nucleus

A

“brains”, directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA

57
Q

Name the function of nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that encloses cell nucleus

58
Q

Name the function of nucleous

A

makes ribosomal subunits from protein and rRNA

59
Q

Name the function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, bind messenger RNA and transfers RNA to create proteins

60
Q

Name the function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth (synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, detoxify harmful metabolic byproducts)
rough ( has ribosomes as “studs” and plays central role in making proteins)

61
Q

Name the function of vesicles

A

transports liquids by encasing in lipid Pilar, can be found inside/outside cell, “amazon boxes”

62
Q

Name the function of Golgi apparatus

A

Transports, modifies and packs proteins and lipids into vesicles, “amazon building”

63
Q

Name the function of lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes that break down excess or worn out cell parts

64
Q

Name the functions of vacuoles

A

provides storage, ingestion, digestion, expression, expulsion of water for plants

65
Q

Name the function of the mitochondria

A

“power house”, turns sugar into energy

66
Q

Name the function of chloroplasts.

A

conducts photosynthesis and gives plants their green pigment

67
Q

Name the function of peroxisome

A

creates hydrogen peroxide by bonding oxygen to fatty/amino acids

68
Q

Name the function of cytoskeletons.

A

helps cell maintain it’s shape by using microtubules and filaments

69
Q

Distinguish between magnification and resolution

A 
magnify = make image larger
resolution = make 2 objects distinguishable
70
Q

Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A 
prokaryotic = no membrane
eukaryotic = membrane bound and stores genes in nucleus
71
Q

Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes.

A 
free = floats in cell watery fluid, not attache to anything
bound = attached and produces proteins to be used elsewhere
72
Q

Describe the structure and function of the components (organelles) of the endomembrane system.

A

nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, Golgi, plasma membrane

73
Q

Describe function and structure of microtubules

A

hollow rods, 2nm diameter, 200 nm to 25 microns long, shapes cell, guiding movement of organelles, separates chromosomes during cell division

74
Q

Describe function and structure of microfilaments

A

2 intertwined strands of actin (protein subunit), 7 nm diameter, maintains cell shape, changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility/division

75
Q

Describe function and structure of intermediate filaments

A

fibrous proteins super coiled into thicker cables, 8-12 nm diameter, think keratin, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and certain other organelles, forms nuclear lamina

76
Q

Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relate to their functions.

A 
cilia = power stroke, back pack comparison (get whipped)
flagella = sperm movement
77
Q

State the purpose and location of a plant cell wall

A

protect plant cell, maintain shape, prevents excessive uptake of water

78
Q

Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.

A

animal cells b/c they lack cell walls, made of glycoproteins (collagen, proteglucans, fibronectin), binds to receptor proteins

79
Q

Describe plasmodesmatas

A

channels that perforate plant cell walls, water/small solutes can pass from cell to cell

80
Q

Describe gap junctions.

A

communicating, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

81
Q

Describe tight junctions.

A

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, prevents leakage of extracellular fluid

82
Q

Describe desosomes.

A

anchoring, fasten cells into strong sheets

83
Q

Define amphipathic.

A

phospholipids, contains hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions

84
Q

Define integral protein.

A

type of membrane protein permanently attached to biological membrane

85
Q

Define peripheral protein.

A

membrane proteins that temporarily adhere to associated membranes

86
Q

Define phospholipid

A

lipid containing phosphoric acid

87
Q

Define glycolipid.

A

lipid w/ carbohydrate attached

88
Q

Define glycoprotein.

A

proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side chains

89
Q

Define transport protein.

A

what charged molecules depend on, allow passage of hydrophilic substances across membrane, also called channel proteins

90
Q

Define diffusion.

A

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

91
Q

Define passive transport

A

diffusion of substance across biological membrane, requires no energy

92
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane

93
Q

Define osmosis

A

diffusion of water

94
Q

Define active transport

A

uses ATP to transport

95
Q

Define isotonic

A

no water movement b/c solute concentration is the same

96
Q

Define hypotonic

A

solute concentration is less than inside cell, cell gains water

97
Q

Define hypertonic

A

solute concentration greater than inside cell, cell loses water

98
Q

Define excytosis

A

bulk transport outside cell

99
Q

Define endocytosis

A

bulk transport inside cell

100
Q

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.

A

membrane is fluid structure w/ “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

101
Q

Identify the structural components of phospholipids.

A

phosphate head, glycerol head (+), connected to non polar fatty acids

102
Q

Identify the structural components of membrane proteins.

A

determine membrane function, embedded in fluid matrix of lipid billy – has glycolipids and glycoproteins

103
Q

Identify the structural components of cholesterol

A

tightly packed in groups of four, not as affected by temp changes

104
Q

Show the molecular structure of phospholipids.

A

phosphate head connected to glycerol w/ fatty acid tails

105
Q

Explain how the amphipathic nature of molecules w/ hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions form membranes

A

tails of fatty acids connect to create bilayer

106
Q

Explain the role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.

A

optimum fluidity - fish in warm water would want to have saturated (solid) to prevent them from falling apart, fish in cold water would want to have unsaturated (liquid) to allow them to move around

107
Q

Explain the role of cholesterol in membranes in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.

A

cholesterol is a stiff molecule that is not as affected by temp changed

108
Q

Describe the amphipathic nature of integral membrane proteins.

A

folded proteins are hydrophobic, unfolded proteins are hydrophillic

109
Q

Describe the structure of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the plasma membrane.

A

glycolipid (lipid w/ carb, maintain stability of cell and plays part in cell to cell communication)
glycoprotein (oligosaccharide w/ amino acid side chain)

110
Q

Describe the process of making new plasma membrane sections inside a cell.

A

add to pre existing membrane

111
Q

List the major functions of plasma membrane.

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

112
Q

Define diffusion.

A

tendency of molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

113
Q

State which chemical substances can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane and which substances cannot.

A 
can = uncharge, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrophobic molecules
can't = proteins, glucose, charged particles like ions
114
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another

115
Q

What is a charge gradient?

A

effect of membrane potential on ion’s movement

116
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

2 combined forces, drive the diffusion of ions across membrane

117
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane

118
Q

Define osmosis.

A

diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membranes

119
Q

What is a hypersonic solution

A

solute concentration is greater than inside cell, cell loses H2O

120
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

solute concentration less than inside cell, cell gains H2O

121
Q

What is an isotonic aqueous solution?

A

solute concentration is same as inside cell, no H2O movement

122
Q

Relate solution tonicity to crenation and lysis in animal cells to plasmolysis in plant cells.

A 
tonicity = solution causes cell to gain/lose H2O
crenation = shape
lysed = animal cell gains H2O, causes it to be round/explode
plasmolyze = pant cell looses H2O, causes it to shrivel
123
Q

Define active transport

A

uses energy to move solutes against their gradients

124
Q

Define exocytosis and describe the process involving a glove vesicle.

A

tranport vesicles migrate to membrane, fuse w/ it and release content

125
Q

Define endocytosis

A

cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane

126
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

127
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

128
Q

What is receptor mediated endocystosis

A

Cellular hands

Biology 111 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions