Ch. 5 Flashcards
foraging
all humans wer forages 10,000 years ago; people in Europe during the ice-age were big hunters.
______ _______ hunt and gather plants
Tropical foragers
People rely on _____ to make a living
nature
__________ __________ and plant _________ began 10,000 to 12,000 years ago ( ______ ______)
animal domestication; cultivation; middle east
Men _____ and _____ while women usually ______ and ______.
hunt and fish; collect and gather
Foragers make ______ ______ based on ____
social distinctions; age
Cultivation; 3 adaptive strategies based on _____ production in non-industrialized societies are ___________, _______________, and ___________.
Horticulture; agriculture, and pastorilism
horticulture
civilization w/ the use of simple tools such as hoes and digging sticks to grow crops; “slash and burn” technique.
horticulture: shifting cultivation
agricultural system where plots of land are cultivated temporarily, they’re abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation.
Agriculture: Domesticated Animals
use animals as means of production; attach animals to plows for field preparation.
Agriculture: Irrigation
Many water fields w/ canals from rivers; irrigation makes it possible to cultivate plot year after year.
Agriculture: Terracing
if they planted on hillsides, the rain washed it away; has to figure out how to stop it- step fields were created
Agriculture: Costs and Benefits
must have human labor to build and maintain irrigation systems, terraces, and other works; a single field has its owners year after year, no need to reserve land like horticultures.
Agriculture: Intensification- People and the Environment
live in areas that are too arid for non-irrigators or too hilly for non-terraces; growth in population size and density increases contact; need to regulate interpersonal skills;
Pastoralism
the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
