Ch. 5

Question 1

Kinetic Energy

Answer 1

The energy which the body processes because of its motion

Question 2

photosynthesis converts what type of energy into what?

Answer 2

Kinetic potential

Question 3

Cellular respiration converts what type of energy to what?

Answer 3

potential to kinetic

Question 4

Energy flow through ecosystems

Answer 4

source of all energy on earth is light from the sun

trophic level is the number of steps an organism is away from using the suns energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates

Question 5

what are producers

Answer 5

primary producers are organisms one step away from using the suns energy directly for metabolism of carbohydrates. Plants and green algae are primary producers. they use the sunlight to produce glucose.

Question 6

primary consumers

Answer 6

primary consumers are organisms the second step away from using The suns energy directly for metabolism of carbohydrates. Mollusks or other herbivores are examples. They eat primary producers.

Question 7

secondary consumers

Answer 7

secondary consumers are organisms a third step away from using this as energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates. Carnivores such as the slimy sculpinI examples of secondary consumers.

Question 8

Tertiary consumers a.k.a. Apex predator

Answer 8

tertiary consumers are organisms for subs away from using the suns energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates. Lions, bears,and any other animal in the wild without a natural predator is a tertiary consumer.

Question 9

Detrivores

Answer 9

Heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus. for example: millipedes, wood lice, dung flies, slugs, many terrestrial worms, sea stars, see cucumbers, fiddler crabs, etc.

Question 10

decomposers

Answer 10

decomposers can go under any trophic level except level one a.k.a. primary producer.

for example: bacteria, fungi, hyenas, vultures

Question 11

autotrophs versus heterotrophs

Answer 11

autotroph: an organism that produces complex are going to compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from simple substances present and it’s surroundings generally using Energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
heterotroph: an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth. Heterotrophs can be further divided based on how they obtain energy.

Question 12

two laws of thermodynamics

Answer 12

The first law, also known as law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.

Question 13

entropy

Answer 13

A measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the systems disorder and that is a property of a systems state and is related to it in such a manner that a reversible change and heat in the system produces a change in the measure which varies directly with the heat change and inversely with the absolute temperature at which the change takes place; broadly: the degree of this order or uncertainty in the system

Question 14

Chemical reactions

Answer 14

The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.

Question 15

endergonic and exergonic reactions with examples

Answer 15

endergonic: Heat is absorbed

for example: photosynthesis

Exergonic: heat is released

for example: cellular respiration

Question 16

activation energy and catalyst

Answer 16

activation energy: minimum amount of energy to kickstart a reaction

catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

Question 17

enzymes: active site and substrate binding site

Answer 17

The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate. The active site is usually a group for pocket of the enzyme which can be located in the deep tunnel within the enzyme.

Question 18

enzyme substrate complex

Answer 18

substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate. In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme -substrate complex is formed

Question 19

hydrolysis of sucrose

Answer 19

hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose and glucose (blood sugar) and fructose

Question 20

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 20

adenine + ribose = adenosine

3 phosphate groups

Question 21

effects of temperature and pH on enzymes

Answer 21

enzymes function within an optimum temperature range. When temperature increases, the shape of the enzyme changes due to unfolding of the protein chains. Enzymes function within an optimal pH range. The shape of enzymes is also affected by pH. Most enzymes work best within a pH range of 6 to 8,exceptions are stomach enzymes function in acidic ranges.

Question 22

potential energy

Answer 22

stored energy in an object due of its position or is configuration