Ch 5 Flashcards
What consonants do NOT utilize the tongue in their production?
/h/, /b/, /f/
How many vowel phonemes are there in American English?
approximately 14
How many diphthongs in American English?
5
How many consonant phonemes are there in American English?
24
Consonants are produced by?
Vocal tract CONSTRICTIONS that modify the breath stream coming from the larynx and generally the coming together of two articulators to modify airflow as it passes through the oral and/or nasal cavities.
The _________ is the primary articulator in production of consonants.
tongue
How are Sonorant Consonants (Sonorants) produced?
produced with resonance occurring throughout the entire vocal tract (little constriction and little turbulence)
What are the Sonorant Consonants (manner)?
Nasals, Glides, Liquids
How many SONORANT Consonants are there?
7 in total
Sonorants are all voiced or voiceless?
ALL voiced
How are Obstruent Consonants produced?
the airflow is obstructed during articulation and the primary sound source is the noise (turbulence) created a the point of constriction.
How many Obstruent Consonants are there?
19 in total
What are the Obstruent Consonants (manner)?
Stops, Fricatives, Affricates
Obstruents in terms of voicing?
Some are voiced and some are voiceless.
Consonants that occur BEFORE a vowel are? Example?
PREvocalic
Ex. See
Consonants that occur AFTER a vowel are? Example?
POSTvocalic
Ex. eaT
Consonants that occur BETWEEN two vowels are? Example?
INTERvocalic
Ex. oKay
Syllabic Consonants?
Define.
What are they?
When a vowel and a consonant represents an entire syllable because there is no fully articulated vowel.
They get a special marking (‘) but underneath them.
/m, n, l/
MANNER of production? How many are there and what are they?
The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract.
6
Nasals, Glides, Liquids
Stops, Fricatives, Affricates
How are STOPS produced?
when the articulators COMPLETELY impede the airstream
How are FRICATIVES produced?
Longer or shorter in duration than STOPS?
by FORCING air through a NARROW CHANNEL formed by the articulators in the oral cavity.
LONGER in duration.
PLACE of articulation? Common Places of articulation?
Place of constriction.
Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Post Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal, Lingual
VOICING?
Refers to whether the vocal folds are vibrating during the production of a particular consonant.
Voiced or Voiceless
Phonemes that differ ONLY in voicing are called?
Cognates
What phonemes are cognates?
/p and b/
/t and d/
/k and g/
Minimal Pairs?
Word pairs that differ only in the VOICING OF ONE PHONEME.
(ex; “bit”/”pit” or “tuck”/”duck,” “cane”/”gain,” “shack”/”shag”)
What is an ALVEOLAR TAP? What Manner of production group does it belong to?
An allophone of /t/ and /d/; used to represent the combination of the two sounds; rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge, creating a brief stop.
(ex; “butter,” “battle,” “cutie,” “latter,” “static”)
Stop
What is an GLOTTAL STOP? What Manner of production group does it belong to?
Another allophone for /t/; generally occurs in the syllable-final position; when the /t/ is not released in the oral cavity. Tongue tip stays in SAME PLACE (alveolar) of articulation.
(ex; “mountain,” “kitten,” “button”)
Stop
On Spectrograms ______ and ______ look like vowels, however, are shorter and less intense.
glides
liquids
How are AFFRICATES produced?
A combination of the stop
and fricative manners of
production. Considered
OBSTRUENT.
The articulation begins as an alveolar stop, then an increase in pressure, then the air is forced through the constriction formed by the tongue and palate, creating TURBULENT NOISE.
How are NASALS produced?
with the VELUM LOWERED so that the airstream flow into the NASAL CAVITY
Sonorant
How are GLIDES produced?
involve a gliding motion of the articulators, similar to how diphthongs are produced, but are faster in duration (CONTINUED MOVEMENT OF THE ARTICULATORS).
Sonorant
How are LIQUIDS produced?
oral resonant consonants; general term that has been adopted by phoneticians to categorize “l” and “r” consonants.
