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Ch. 5 Radiation Protection > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Personnel Dosimetry

A

Monitoring of equivalent dose to any person occupational exposed on a regular basis to ionizing radiation

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2
Q

When is personnel dosimetry required?

A

When radiation workers are likely to receive 10% or more of the annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv/ 5 Rem

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3
Q

Personnel Dosimeter

A
  1. Provides indication of radiation exposure working habits and working conditions (Am I shielding myself when needed? && Is the equipment I use working properly?)
  2. Determines occupational exposure
  3. Does NOT protect the wearer from exposure just measures the exposure to the wearer
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4
Q

Where should dosimeters be worn?

A

At the level of the collar, outside of the clothing

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5
Q

Personnel Dosimeters receive the dose to which of the following body parts?

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Head
  3. Neck
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6
Q

When should a secondary dosimeter be worn?

A

During lengthy fluoroscopy procedures

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7
Q

If a second dosimeter is worn for a lengthy fluoroscopy procedure, where should it be worn and why?

A
  1. Underneath the lead, around the area of the waist
  2. This monitors the approximate equivalent dose to the body trunk
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8
Q

How much lead is in commercially available aprons?

A

0.5 or 0.25mm

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9
Q

Where should a pregnant woman were a second dosimeter

A

Beneath the protective apron, at the waist

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10
Q

What is a TLD Dosimeter made of?

A

Lithium Fluoride

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11
Q

How does a TLD work?

A

The Lithium Fluoride acts as the sensing material of the dosimeter
When irradiated, some of the electrons absorb energy are are “excited” to higher levels
This presence of impurities in the crystal causes the electrons to become trapped
When these crystals are passed through a special heating process for reading, the trapped electrons receive enough energy to rise above their present location into a region called the conduction band
From there, electrons return back into a normal state with the emission of energy in the form of visible light

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12
Q

The energy emitted in a TLD dosimeter is equal to the difference between what?

A

Binding energies of the two orbital levels

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13
Q

TLD Dosimeters should be worn as a second monitor when?

A

When performing fluoroscopic procedures that may require the hands to be near the primary x-ray beam

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14
Q

After the LiF crystals are heated to free the trapped, highly energized electrons, a TLD analyzer records the amount of light emitted by the crystals as the electrons return to their ground state, and a graphic plot is constructed to demonstrate the light output to temperature variation. This plot is called a

A

Glow Curve

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15
Q

ADVANTAGES of TLD Dosimeter

A

Small
Light-Weight
Can be worn for up to 3 months
Reusable after reading

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16
Q

DISADVANTAGES of TLD

A

Readings may be lost if not carefully recorded
The readout process destroys information afterward

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17
Q

Two types of personnel dosimeters that are used to measure individual whole body exposure to ionizing radiation

A
  1. OSL dosimeters
    Direct Ion Storage (DIS) dosimeters
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18
Q

What dosimeter device is the most common?

A

OSL

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19
Q

What is the OSL Dosimeter made of?

A

Aluminum Oxide

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20
Q

How does an OSL work?

A

An exposed dosimeter is read by using a laser light
When this light is incident on the sensing material, the material become luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received by the detector

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21
Q

What are the detectors components in the OSL?

A

Aluminum
Tin
Copper

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22
Q

Each detector of the OSL attenuates differently. Which component attenuates the MOST?

A

Copper

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23
Q

Each detector of the OSL attenuates differently. Which component attenuates the LEAST?

A

Aluminum

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24
Q

If the OSL Dosimeter has been subjected to only low energy radiation, the laser read out would be much more pronounced in the region covered by the __________?

A

Aluminum

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25
Q

Varied energy ranges are typically classified as what three different words?

A

Deep
Eye
Shallow

26
Q

“Deep” penetration amount

A

1 centimeter

27
Q

“Eye” penetration amount

A

.3 centimeter

28
Q

“Shallow” penetration amount

A

.01 centimeter

29
Q

The OSL Dosimeter provides an accurate reading as low as

A

1 mrem

30
Q

The OSL detects energy ranges from 5 KeV to

A

40 MeV

31
Q

ADVANTAGES of the OSL

A

Light-weight
Durable
Sensitive to radiation
Can be worn for up to one year

32
Q

DISADVANTAGES of the OSL

A

Occupational exposure is only recorded in the area that the OSL is worn
If the facility does not have an in-house reader, exposure cannot be determined right away
Not accurate if not regularly used

33
Q

Minimal reporting levels for x-ray & Gamma photons
Fetal

A

1mrem

34
Q

Minimal reporting levels from Beta photons

A

10 mrem

35
Q

Minimal reporting levels for fast neutrons

A

20 mrem

36
Q

Minimal reporting levels for thermal neutrons

A

10 mrem

37
Q

What is a DIS Dosimeter?

A

Developed in the 90’s, first applied in 2000’s

Basically a small ionization gas filled dosimeter connected to a “solid state” device with electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

38
Q

EEPROMS are used in

A

Voice activated greeting cards
Keyless entry systems (hotels)

39
Q

When radiation ionizes the gas in the ionization chamber, the cumulative electrical charge is stored in the ___________ and will remain in the device

A

EEPROM

40
Q

How is the DIS Dosimeter read?

A

read out through a USB and the data then can be stored electronically via a cellphone

41
Q

ADVANTAGES of DIS

A

Instant access to read out
Durable
Lightweight

42
Q

DISADVANTAGES of DIS

A

Exposure cannot be determined if device is not regularly used

43
Q

Radiation survey instruments fall into three categories;

A
  1. Those with a readout scale
  2. Those without a readout scale
  3. Those who have a readout scale & are ionization chamber based
44
Q

Most common radiation survey instrument

A

Geiger-Muller (GM)

45
Q

Instruments without a readout scale

A

Possible allows adjustable sensitivity levels
Only a detector
Detector emits a repetitive sound, whose volume/ frequency is directly associated with the intensity of radiation

46
Q

Instruments with a readout scale

A

Typically used either as area or room monitors or as portable survey instruments for the measurement of exposure rates at any area of interest
BUT they do not directly supply a radiation exposure reading

47
Q

✨Cutie Pie✨

A

The most common type of survey meter that incorporates an ionization chamber

48
Q

Why is the cutie pie called the cutie pie

A

Because it’s so little
Named in 1943 or 1944

49
Q

When properly calibrated, what is the cutie pie capable of ?

A

Capable of measuring radiation exposure rates over a very wide range and also determines cumulative radiation exposure for the period of time the instrument is irradiated

50
Q

Radiation instruments measure what two things?

A
  1. The total quantity of electrical charge reduction from the ionization of the air
  2. Rate at which the electrical charge was produced
51
Q

3 types of gas-filled radiation detectors serving as field instruments

A
  1. Cutie Pie
  2. Proportional Counter
    GM Survey Meter
52
Q

The Cutie Pie & the Proportional Counter measure what two things

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Exposure Rate
53
Q

The GM Meter measures what? (one thing)

A

Exposure rate

54
Q

What type of radiation dose the Cutie Pie normally measure?

A

X- Radiation
Gamma Radiation

55
Q

Proportional Counter VS. Diagnostic Imaginf

A

No useful purpose in diagnostic imaging because it is generally used to detect alpha and beta radiation in laboratory settings

56
Q

Holding the Proportional Counter

A

The operator must hold this device close to the surface of the object being surgery because alpha radiation only travels a short distance in air, so must be held real close to get an accurate read

57
Q

GM Survey Meter

A

Primary portable radiation survey instrument in Nuclear Medicine
Able to detect individual particles (electrons && photons)

58
Q

Does the GM meter allow rapid or slower monitoring

A

Rapid

59
Q

What can a GM Meter be used for?

A

Locate a lost radioactive source
Locate a low-level radioactive contamination

60
Q

GM survey components

A

Audio amplifier and speaker that alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radar ionization
Metal enclosed the counter’s gas filled tube or probe

61
Q

GM readings are displayed in

A

milliroentgens per hour

Ch. 5 Radiation Protection (1 decks)

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