ch 5 Flashcards
fear
state of immediate alarm , physiological & emotional response to serious threat
anxiety
physiological & emotional response to vague sense of threat/danger
generalized anxiety disorder
disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events/activites
obsessive-compulsive disorder
overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform certain repetitive actions to reduce anxiety
Agoraphobia
fear of traveling to public places and being in public transport, parking lots/bridges, shops/theatres/confined places, Lines/crowds, unaccompanied
benzodiazepines
most common group of antianxiety drugs (valium and Xanax)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a neurotransmitter whose low activity in the brain’s fear circuit has been linked to anxiety
sedative-hypnotic drugs
drugs that calm at low dose and sleep at high dose
phobia
persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations
specific phobia
marked/known, persistent, disproportionate to normal reaction; usually lasting 6 months at least; exposure produces immediate fear, leads to avoidance; significant distress or impairment
classical conditioning
a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person’s mind so produce the same response
modeling
a process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others.
preparedness
a predisposition to develop certain fears
social anxiety disorder
a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
panic attacks
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks
locus coeruleus
a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions, many of its neurons use norepinephrine
anxiety sensitivity
a tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess them illogically and interpret them as harmful
obsession
A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety
compulsion
a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
ocd
a disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both
neutralizing
a person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.
hoarding disorder
a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items
trichotillomania
a disorder in which people repeatedly pull-out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other body parts
excoriation disorder
a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds
body dysmorphic disorder
a disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance
GAD diagnostic criteria
A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive
expectation), occurring more days than not for at
least 6 months, about a number of events or
activities (such as work or school performance).
B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the
following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms having
been present for more days than not for the past 6 months):
Note: Only one item is required in children.
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
2. Being easily fatigued.
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
4. Irritability.
5. Muscle tension.
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless,
unsatisfying sleep).
D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically
significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
GAD sociocultural explanations, therapies
most likely developed in people who face ongoing dangerous societal conditions
GAD psychodynamic explanations, therapies
early developmental experiences can produce unusually high levels of anxiety, free association
GAD humanistic explanations, therapies
arise when people stop looking at themselves honest and acceptingly (repeated denial), client-centered therapy
GAD CB explanations, therapies
problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking, modify views about worrying and change behavioral reactions
GAD bio explanations, therapies
family pedigree/inheritance, medications
Phobias diagnostic criteria
A. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or
situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an
injection, seeing blood).
Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums,
freezing, or clinging.
B. The phobic object or situation almost always provokes
immediate fear or anxiety.
C. The phobic objector situation is actively avoided or
endured with intense fear or anxiety.
D. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual
danger posed by the specific object or situation and to
the sociocultural context.
The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6
months or more.
F. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
G. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another
mental disorder, including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms (as in agoraphobia); objects or situations related to obsessions (as in
obsessive-compulsive disorder); reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder);separation from home or attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder)
ph cb explanations
fears can be acquired through conditioning
ph bio explanations
fears can be attributed to predisposition
ph treatments
exposure therapy, systematic desensitization
SAD diagnostic criteria
Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6 months or more
Fear or being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety
Avoidance of feared situations
Significant distress or impairment
SAD cb explanations and treatments
genetic predisposition, traumatic experiences, overprotective parent, medications, therapy
