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Physiology (Module 1) > Ch. 4b > Flashcards

Ch. 4b Flashcards

1
Q

Make sure to study the essays and figures above for the quiz?

A

THEY WILL BE ON THE TEST

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2
Q

What are the 2 main problems or drawbacks of anaerobic respiration?

A

1) You only earn 2 ATP molecules per sugar molecule

2) Build up lactic acid in muscles (burning sensation)

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3
Q

Are you burning sugar aerobically or anaerobically right now?

A

When at rest, you are burning sugar aerobically.

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4
Q

What is the only form of energy that the cells can directly use for cellular work?

A

ATP is a form of energy that cells can use to do work.

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5
Q

What is the abbreviation of Adenine Triphosphate?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What happens to ATP when its used for cellular work?

A

One of the phosphates comes off making the ATP into ADP (Diphosphate=2 Phosphate).

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7
Q

How are the phosphates of ATP reattached to the ADP after they are removed?

A

When food is broken down, the phosphate is reattached, energy is stored, and ATP is ready to do cellular work.

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8
Q

What is C6H12O6?

A

Glucose (Sugar)

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9
Q

After aerobic respiration is not possible, how do human muscles continue to generate ATP when running?

A

To keep running, your muscles must generate ATP by the anaerobic process fermentation; the production of lactic acid is fermentation in humans and other mammals.

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10
Q

When sugar is broken down, what happen to the energy that was in the sugar?

A

When sugar is broken down, the energy in the molecule’s bonds are converted into ATP energy.

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11
Q

What is the main benefit of aerobic respiration?

A

You earn 32 ATP molecules per sugar molecule.

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12
Q

What is the overall reaction for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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13
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen (called Kreb’s cycle and Electron Transport System).

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14
Q

Microorganism’s (like yeast) carry out fermentation in the same way as human muscles do T/F?

A

False: Yeast cells carry out slightly different type of fermentation pathway.

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15
Q

Cellular respiration and breathing have nothing to do with each other T/F?

A

False: Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related.

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16
Q

How are cellular respiration and breathing related?

A

Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. Breathing exchanges these gases between the blood and outside air.

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17
Q

What is the main benefit if anaerobic respiration?

A

You don’t need oxygen to get your energy.

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18
Q

What is the main problem or drawbacks of aerobic respiration?

A

You have to have oxygen in your cells.

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19
Q

How is fermentation in yeast cells different from fermentation in human muscles?

A

Yeast cells carry out a slightly different type of fermentation pathway. Your muscles must generate ATP by the anaerobic process of fermentation; the production of lactic acid is fermentation in humans and other mammals.

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20
Q

What are the two basic forms of respiration?

A

*Aerobic and anaerobic.

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21
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm= of cells and does not require oxygen (called glycolysis= sugar splitting)

22
Q

What does aerobic respiration require that is not necessary for anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.

23
Q

What are the 2 main by products of microorganism’s fermentation?

A

This pathway produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol.

24
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen.

25
Q

What is the breakdown of large food molecules to produce ATP energy?

A

When food is broken down, the phosphate is reattached, energy is stored, and ATP is ready to do cellular work.

26
Q

What does glycolysis mean (literally what do the two parts of the word mean)?

A 
Glycolysis= sugar splitting
Glyco= relating to or producing sugar.
Lysis= the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.
27
Q

What molecules are broken down in order to produce ATP?

A

The by products of the reaction are CO2 and H2O.

28
Q

What molecule is the energy that does all of the cellular work in the body?

A

A common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is glucose.

29
Q

What are the two pathways for sugar molecules depending on oxygen?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic.

30
Q

Where (in the cell) does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

31
Q

Where (in the cell) does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

32
Q

Where (in the cell) does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm.

33
Q

The first step of glycolysis is when the 6 carbon glucoses is broken down into?…

A

The 6 carbon glucose is broken down into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate.

34
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules are produced.

35
Q

What hydrogen carrier is produced during glycolysis?

A

2 NADH’s are produced to carry hydrogen.

36
Q

Oxygen is a necessary component of glycolysis T/F

A

False: Oxygen is not needed for glycolysis.

37
Q

At the beginning of the Krebs cycle what is pyruvic acid turned into?

A

In the Kreb’s cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first “prepped” into a usable form,

Acetyl-COA.

38
Q

Where does pyruvate go if there is plenty of oxygen in the cell?

A

*Mitochondria (Kreb’s Cycle)

39
Q

In what form (molecule) are all of the carbon atoms from the glucose removed?

A

One carbon atom is removed (as CO2), the pyruvate becomes the 2-carbon acetyl-COA, and NADH is formed to carry hydrogen atoms.

40
Q

What two types of hydrogen carriers are produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH is formed to carry hydrogen atoms.

41
Q

How much ATP Is formed during the Krebs cycle

A

One molecule of ATP is formed.

42
Q

The most important function of the Krebs cycle is to produce ATP T/F?

A

True: The most important function of the Krebs cycle is to produce ATP.

43
Q

The most important function of the Krebs cycle is to produce hydrogen carriers that will be used during the ETS T/F

A

False

44
Q

The by product (waste) of the Krebs cycle is?

A

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) molecules are given off as waste gas in the Krebs cycle.

45
Q

Where does all of the energy that was in glucose go during the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvate (Pyruvic acid) enters the mitochondria.

Fadh and nadh2*

46
Q

During what process is most of the ATP in a cell made ?

A

Most of the ATP in a cell is made during ETS.

47
Q

What two things do NADH and FADH2 drop off when they reach the ETS?

A

All of theNADH and FADH2 reach the ETS and dump the hydrogen they are carrying

Hydrogen & Electrons

48
Q

As electrons move through the ETS what do they dump to the outside of the membrane?

A

The moving electrons move free hydrogens.

49
Q

When hydrogen ions move back into the mitochondria what do they produce?

A

As the hydrogens move back through the membrane, 32 ATP’s (per original glucose) form.
ATP*

50
Q

Where do the moving electrons and free hydrogens end up at the end of ETS?

A

The moving electrons and free hydrogens end up bonding with oxygen (that you breath) to form water.

51
Q

Why do we need to breath oxygen (Think about ETS)?

A

To form water.

Physiology (Module 1) (3 decks)

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