Ch. 47 - Organization of Endocrine Control

Question 1

What is the goal of aldosterone?

Answer 1

To be secreted to regulate Na+ absorption

Question 2

What is the function of renin?

Answer 2

Main stimulating component fro aldosterone release

Question 3

Describe the relationship between insulin and glycine.

Answer 3

1. Increased glycine leads to insulin secretion

2. As insulin is secreted, glycine renormalizes

Question 4

What feedback mechanism can be used to describe thyroid hormone?

Answer 4

Negative Feedback

Question 5

What feedback mechanism can be used to describe parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 5

Positive Feedback

Question 6

Adenoma

Answer 6

benign tumors that do not metastasize; cause hormones to be unregulated

Question 7

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 7

tumors that can metastasize; does not secrete hormones

Question 8

What are the two major concepts involving intercellular signaling by hormones?

Answer 8

1. Space and Distance

2. Time and Duration

Question 9

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 9

signaling between two cells who are far away

Question 10

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 10

signaling between two neighboring cells

Question 11

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 11

signaling that occurs when a cell contains that receptor needed for a ligand that the same cell secretes

Question 12

Ligand

Answer 12

Any molecule that binds to a hormone receptor

Question 13

Agonist

Answer 13

A hormone or synthetic ligand that activates hormone receptor function and signal transduction

Question 14

Antagonist

Answer 14

A naturally occuring or synthetic ligand that prevents hormone receptor activation and signal transduction

Question 15

EC50

Answer 15

the concentration of a drug that gives half-maximal response

Question 16

IC50

Answer 16

the concentration of an inhibitor at which the response (or binding) is reduced by half

Question 17

K_D

Answer 17

the concentration at which 50% of binding sites (receptors) are occupied by a drug or hormone

Question 18

Affinity

Answer 18

the likelihood that a ligand will bind the receptor; 1/K_D

Question 19

K_D Equation

Answer 19

K_D = [R] + [D] / [RD]

Question 20

Law of Mass Action

Answer 20

the more hormone you have, the more engagement you have UNTIL you reach your maximum

Question 21

Describe the structure of steroid hormones.

Answer 21

cholesterol-based

Question 22

Describe the structure of amino acid-derived hormones.

Answer 22

amino acid based

Question 23

What determines the biological response from a peptide hormone?

Answer 23

the receptor in target tissue

Question 24

What percentage of our genome is made up of GPCR?

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

Why is DAG release delayed?

Answer 25

PKC has to be activated and relocated

Question 26

Where is the receptor for steroid hormones and thyroid hormone found?

Answer 26

in the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)

Question 27

Non-genomic effects

Answer 27

doesn't have to go into the nucleus to modulate DNA

Question 28

Genomic effects

Answer 28

must go into the nucleus to modulate DNA

Question 29

What is the function of the hypothalamus as it relates to the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 29

to secrete the release hormone into the hypophyseal portal system

Question 30

What is the function of anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 30

to secrete the stimulating hormone that activates trophic cells to release different hormones

Question 31

What is the function of the hypothalamus as it relates to the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 31

to create AVP and OT

Question 32

What is the function of posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 32

to secrete AVP and OT into the blood stream