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Biology 1407 > Ch 41 > Flashcards

Ch 41 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three needs satisfied by an adequate diet?

A

Chemical energy for cellular processes, organic building blocks for macromolecules, essential nutrients.

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2
Q

Define essential nutrients.

A

Required materials that an animal requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules.

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3
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrients?

A
  • Essential amino acids
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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4
Q

How many amino acids do all organisms require?

A

20 amino acids.

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5
Q

Which proteins are considered ‘complete’ proteins?

A

Meat, eggs, and cheese provide all the essential amino acids.

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6
Q

What must vegetarians do to obtain all essential amino acids?

A

Eat a varied diet of plant proteins.

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7
Q

What type of fatty acids must animals obtain from their diet?

A

Essential fatty acids.

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8
Q

What are the two categories of vitamins?

A
  • Fat-soluble
  • Water-soluble
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9
Q

What are minerals?

A

Simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts.

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10
Q

What are the three main dietary categories of animals?

A
  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
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11
Q

Define malnutrition.

A

A failure to obtain adequate nutrition.

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12
Q

What can deficiencies in essential nutrients cause?

A

Deformities, disease, and death.

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13
Q

What is undernourishment?

A

When a diet does not provide enough chemical energy.

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14
Q

List the four stages of food processing.

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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15
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The act of eating or feeding.

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16
Q

What are filter feeders?

A

Aquatic animals that sift small food particles from the surrounding medium.

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17
Q

What are substrate feeders?

A

Animals that live in or on their food source.

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18
Q

What do fluid feeders do?

A

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host.

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19
Q

What defines bulk feeders?

A

Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food.

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20
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb.

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21
Q

What increases the surface area of food during digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion, such as chewing or grinding.

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22
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The process that splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes.

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23
Q

Define absorption in the context of digestion.

A

Uptake of small molecules by body cells.

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24
Q

What is elimination in the digestive process?

A

The passage of undigested material out of the digestive system.

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25
What is intracellular digestion?
When food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and liquids by pinocytosis.
26
What is extracellular digestion?
The breakdown of food particles outside of cells.
27
What is a gastrovascular cavity?
A cavity that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients.
28
What is a complete digestive tract?
A digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.
29
What are the accessory glands in the mammalian digestive system?
* Salivary glands * Pancreas * Liver * Gallbladder
30
What begins the process of food processing?
The oral cavity.
31
What is the role of saliva in digestion?
Lubricates food and contains amylase to break down starch.
32
What is a bolus?
A ball of chewed food that is formed in the oral cavity.
33
What is peristalsis?
Alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation that push food along the esophagus.
34
What does gastric juice contain?
* Hydrochloric acid * Pepsin
35
What is chyme?
The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice.
36
What is the function of bile?
Facilitates digestion of fats and destroys nonfunctional red blood cells.
37
What is the duodenum?
The first portion of the small intestine where chyme mixes with digestive juices.
38
What are villi?
Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
39
What is the hepatic portal vein?
Carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver.
40
What is the role of the large intestine?
Completes the recovery of water and processes wastes.
41
What is the function of the cecum?
Aids in the fermentation of plant material.
42
What are feces?
The wastes of the digestive system.
43
What is dentition?
An animal's assortment of teeth.
44
What adaptations do carnivores have in their digestive systems?
Large, expandable stomachs.
45
How do herbivores' alimentary canals compare to carnivores'?
Herbivores and omnivores generally have longer alimentary canals.
46
What role do intestinal bacteria play in human digestion?
Produce vitamins and regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium.
47
What is the primary characteristic of the alimentary canals of herbivores and omnivores compared to carnivores?
Herbivores and omnivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores
48
What is mutualistic symbiosis?
Coexistence of humans and many bacteria where both benefit
49
What role do some intestinal bacteria play in the human body?
They produce vitamins and regulate intestinal epithelium development and innate immune function
50
What is the microbiome?
The collection of microorganisms living in and on the body
51
How do scientists study the microbiome?
Using a DNA sequencing approach based on the polymerase chain reaction
52
What significant bacterium is known to cause stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
53
What effect does Helicobacter pylori have on stomach health?
It can disrupt stomach health by eliminating other bacterial species
54
What is fecal microbial transplantation?
Introducing the microbiome of a healthy individual into a patient's intestine
55
What is a common treatment for diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile?
Fecal microbial transplantation
56
What adaptations do organisms with a diet consisting largely of cellulose have?
Fermentation chambers for mutualistic microorganisms to digest cellulose
57
How do rabbits and rodents recover important nutrients from their food?
By passing food through their alimentary canal twice
58
What are ruminants known for?
Having elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet
59
What is the process that enables an animal to obtain nutrients matched to its circumstances?
Digestion regulation
60
What regulates the digestive system activation?
The enteric nervous system and the endocrine system
61
Where is energy primarily stored in humans?
In the liver and muscle cells as glycogen
62
What happens when fewer calories are consumed than expended?
The body expends liver glycogen first, then muscle glycogen and fat
63
What hormones are crucial for glucose homeostasis?
Insulin and glucagon
64
What triggers the synthesis of glycogen during a carbohydrate-rich meal?
Increased insulin levels
65
Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
66
Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
Beta cells
67
What causes diabetes mellitus?
A deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissues
68
What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disorder destroying beta cells of the pancreas
69
What is a common treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections
70
What is Type 2 diabetes also known as?
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
71
What factors significantly increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Excess body weight and lack of exercise
72
What is overnourishment?
Excess accumulation of fat leading to obesity
73
What hormones regulate appetite?
* Ghrelin * Insulin * PYY * Leptin
74
What triggers feelings of hunger before meals?
Ghrelin, secreted by the stomach wall
75
What hormone suppresses appetite after meals?
Insulin and PYY
76
What role does Leptin play in the body?
Suppresses appetite and regulates body fat levels
77

Biology 1407 (4 decks)

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