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Ch. 41 Bio II > Ch. 41 > Flashcards

Ch. 41 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

A specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.

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2
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

The cell body, Dendrites, and axon.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contains the nucleus and other organelles that help to maintain the neuron’s metabolism and other functions

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4
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Are branched extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors.

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

A long, think extension of the cell body that transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

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6
Q

What is myelin?

A

A fatty substance that covers and insulated the axon of some neurons, allowing for faster signal transmission.

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7
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and nourishment to neurons.

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8
Q

What are the main types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells.

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9
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Help regulate the chemical environment around neurons and provide structural support.

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10
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin, which helps to insulate axons and increase signal transmission speed.

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11
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Are immune cells in the nervous system that help to remove damaged cells or debris.

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12
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder characterized by damage to they myelin sheath, which can lead to disruptions in signal transmission and a range of symptoms.

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13
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

Is the electrical potential difference across the membrane of a neuron when it is at rest.

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14
Q

What is the threshold potential?

A

the membrane potential at which an action potential is triggered.

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15
Q

What is depolarization?

A

is a process by which the membrane potential become less negative, bring it closer to the threshold potential.

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16
Q

What is the role of voltage-gated ion channels in action potentials?

A

Voltage-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, allowing ions to flow in or out of the cell contribute to the generation of an action potential.

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

is a brief period of time after an action potential during which the neuron is temporarily unable to generate another action potential.

18
Q

What is a saltatory conduction?

A

is the process by which action potentials, jump from node to node along myelinated axons, allowing for faster signals transmission.

19
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

that all-or-none principle states that an action either occurs with full strength or does not occur at all, and that the strength of an action potential is not affected by the strength of the stimulus that trigger

20
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters in action potentials?

A

neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from neurons and act on other neurons or muscles to transmit information

21
Q

What are some factors that can affect action potential generation and transmission?

A

Factors that can affect action potential generation an transmission include the diameter and myelination of axons, the presence of inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters, and the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid.

22
Q

What is synapse?

A

A junction between two neurons of between a neuron and an effector cell where neural signals are transmitted.

23
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger released by a neuron and a effector cell where neural signals are transmitted.

24
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical synapses

25
Q

What happens at an electrical synapses?

A

Direct flow if electrical current between cells, allowing for rapid communication.

26
Q

What happens at a chemical synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron to transmit a signal

27
Q

What are the steps in chemical synaptic transmission?

A

1st action potential arrives at axon terminal. 2 Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium ions enter the presynaptic neuron. 3 Vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. 4 Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. 5 Ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron open to close, producing a response.

28
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA.

29
Q

What is reuptake?

A

The process by which neurotransmitter molecules are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron to be reused or broken.

30
Q

What is degradation?

A

The breakdown of neurotransmitter molecules by enzymes in the synaptic cleft to terminate their effects.

31
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The portion of the nervous system that included the brain and spinal cord.

32
Q

What are the three main functions of the central nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, and motor output.

33
Q

What are the three major regions of the brain?

A

The hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

34
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A

Integrating sensory information and coordinating reflex responses.

35
Q

What are the functions of the forebrain?

A

Processing sensory information, regulating motor function, and controlling cognitive processes, such as memory and learning.

36
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the forebrain that is responsible for consciousness, perception, and higher cognitive functions.

37
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

38
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and allows for communication between them.

39
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells.

40
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Transmitting electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system.

41
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Supporting and protecting neurons, as well as regulating their activity.

Ch. 41 Bio II (1 decks)

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