Ch. 40 Animal structure and function Flashcards
<p>streamline</p>
<p>design or provide with a form that presents very little resistance to a flow of air or water, increasing speed and ease of movement.</p>
<p>epithelial tissue</p>
<p>columnar epithelial, which have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, are often located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function.</p>
<p>exocrine</p>
<p>Release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body.</p>
<p>endocrine</p>
<p>release chemical substances directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body.</p>
<p>connective tissue</p>
<p>Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Consisting of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues and organs together and in place. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system.</p>
<p>Connective tissue types</p>
<p>nervous tissue muscle tissue skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth tissue</p>
<p>organ: group of tissues</p>
<p>lumen of stomach</p>
<p>mucosa</p>
<p>epithelial layer that lines the lumen</p>
<p>submucosa</p>
<p>a matrix of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves</p>
<p>muscularis</p>
<p>consists of mainly of smooth muscle tissue</p>
<p>serosa</p>
<p>external to the muscularis is the serosa, a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue</p>
<p>communication and control</p>
<p>nervous system and endocrine system</p>
<p>reproduction</p>
<p>male and female reproductive systems maintains the sexual characteristics and passes on genes to the next generation.</p>
<p>gas exchange nutrition</p>
<p>1. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passageways. This system supplies oxygen to the blood and excretes carbon dioxide.
2. The digestive system consists of digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. This system mechanically and enzymatically breaks down food. functions in nutrient absorption; eliminates wastes.</p>
<p>transport and internal protection</p>
<p>the circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. Transports materials; defends body against disease organisms.</p>
<p>transport and internal protection</p>
<p>the lymphatic system is a subsystem of the circulatory system; it returns excess tissue fluid to the blood and defends the body against disease.</p>
<p>excretion</p>
<p>the urinary system is the main excretory system of the body and helps regulate blood chemistry.
The kidneys remove wastes and excess materials from the blood and produce the urine.</p>
<p>BMR</p>
<p>basal metabolic rate: endotherm at a comfortable temperature (no stress)</p>
<p>small organisms</p>
<p>mean low basal metabolic rate. Needs to constantly eat. Metabolism always runs even at rest.</p>
<p>ectothermic</p>
<p>environment temperature heat from external sources. sometimes ectotherms can be warmer than endotherms. cellular level.</p>
<p>endothermic</p>
<p>internal temperature heat generated by metabolism. body level.</p>
<p>physiology</p>
<p>biological function</p>
<p>interstitial fluid</p>
<p>the spaces between cells are filled with fluid, "stand between"</p>
<p>fibroblasts</p>
<p>numerous cells within the matrix which secrete fiber proteins</p>
macrophages
engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
connective tissue fiber: 3 kinds
collagenous fibers - strength and flexibility reticular fibers - join connective tissue to adjacent tissues elastic fibers - elastic tissues...
regulator
an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation.
conformer
if an animal allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable.
homeostasis
the maintenance of internal balance. To achieve homeostasis, animals maintain a "steady state" (a relatively constant internal environment) even when the external environment changes significantly.
set point
body temperature or solute concentration maintaining a variable at or near a particular value
stimulus
a fluctuation in the variable above or below the set points detected by a sensor.
response
a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point.
negative feedback
a control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus. Feedback regulation for homeostasis.
positive feedback
a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus. Helps drive processes to completion.
circadian rhythm
a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours.
acclimatization
an animal's physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment.
thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.
poikilotherm (greek, "varied")
an animal whose body temperature varies with its environment.
homeotherm
a relatively constant body temperature.
integumentary system
mechanisms that either reduce heat exchange overall or favor heat exchange in a particular direction. The outer covering of the body, consisting of the skin, hair, and nails (claws or hooves in some species).
vasodilation
nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls, a widening of superficial blood vessels. In endotherms, vasodilation usually increases the transfer of body heat to the environment by radiation, conduction, and convection. Allows blood to rise up to body. Helps to retain heat and oxygen such as insulation. Whereas sweat glands release heat
vasoconstriction
reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels.
radiation
the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
evaporation
removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas.
convection
the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface.
conduction
direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other.
countercurrent exchange system
traps heat in the body core, thus reducing heat loss from the extremities, particularly when they are immersed in cold water or in contact with ice or snow. Heat in the arterial blood emerging from the body core is transferred directly to the returning venous blood instead of being lost to the environment.
