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Biodiversity final > Ch. 40 Animal structure and function > Flashcards

Ch. 40 Animal structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

<p>streamline</p>

A

<p>design or provide with a form that presents very little resistance to a flow of air or water, increasing speed and ease of movement.</p>

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2
Q

<p>epithelial tissue</p>

A

<p>columnar epithelial, which have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, are often located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function.</p>

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3
Q

<p>exocrine</p>

A

<p>Release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body.</p>

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4
Q

<p>endocrine</p>

A

<p>release chemical substances directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body.</p>

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5
Q

<p>connective tissue</p>

A

<p>Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Consisting of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues and organs together and in place. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system.</p>

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6
Q

<p>Connective tissue types</p>

A 
<p>nervous tissue
muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth tissue</p>
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7
Q

<p>organ: group of tissues</p>

A

<p>lumen of stomach</p>

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8
Q

<p>mucosa</p>

A

<p>epithelial layer that lines the lumen</p>

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9
Q

<p>submucosa</p>

A

<p>a matrix of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves</p>

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10
Q

<p>muscularis</p>

A

<p>consists of mainly of smooth muscle tissue</p>

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11
Q

<p>serosa</p>

A

<p>external to the muscularis is the serosa, a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue</p>

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12
Q

<p>communication and control</p>

A

<p>nervous system and endocrine system</p>

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13
Q

<p>reproduction</p>

A

<p>male and female reproductive systems maintains the sexual characteristics and passes on genes to the next generation.</p>

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14
Q

<p>gas exchange nutrition</p>

A

<p>1. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passageways. This system supplies oxygen to the blood and excretes carbon dioxide.
2. The digestive system consists of digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. This system mechanically and enzymatically breaks down food. functions in nutrient absorption; eliminates wastes.</p>

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15
Q

<p>transport and internal protection</p>

A

<p>the circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. Transports materials; defends body against disease organisms.</p>

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16
Q

<p>transport and internal protection</p>

A

<p>the lymphatic system is a subsystem of the circulatory system; it returns excess tissue fluid to the blood and defends the body against disease.</p>

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17
Q

<p>excretion</p>

A

<p>the urinary system is the main excretory system of the body and helps regulate blood chemistry.
The kidneys remove wastes and excess materials from the blood and produce the urine.</p>

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18
Q

<p>BMR</p>

A

<p>basal metabolic rate: endotherm at a comfortable temperature (no stress)</p>

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19
Q

<p>small organisms</p>

A

<p>mean low basal metabolic rate. Needs to constantly eat. Metabolism always runs even at rest.</p>

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20
Q

<p>ectothermic</p>

A

<p>environment temperature heat from external sources. sometimes ectotherms can be warmer than endotherms. cellular level.</p>

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21
Q

<p>endothermic</p>

A

<p>internal temperature heat generated by metabolism. body level.</p>

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22
Q

<p>physiology</p>

A

<p>biological function</p>

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23
Q

<p>interstitial fluid</p>

A

<p>the spaces between cells are filled with fluid, "stand between"</p>

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24
Q

<p>fibroblasts</p>

A

<p>numerous cells within the matrix which secrete fiber proteins</p>

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25
Q

<p>macrophages</p>

A

<p>engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis</p>

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26
Q

<p>connective tissue fiber: 3 kinds</p>

A

<p>collagenous fibers - strength and flexibility
reticular fibers - join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
elastic fibers - elastic tissues...</p>

27
Q

<p>regulator</p>

A

<p>an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation.</p>

28
Q

<p>conformer</p>

A

<p>if an animal allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable.</p>

29
Q

<p>homeostasis</p>

A

<p>the maintenance of internal balance. To achieve homeostasis, animals maintain a "steady state" (a relatively constant internal environment) even when the external environment changes significantly.</p>

30
Q

<p>set point</p>

A

<p>body temperature or solute concentration maintaining a variable at or near a particular value</p>

31
Q

<p>stimulus</p>

A

<p>a fluctuation in the variable above or below the set points detected by a sensor.</p>

32
Q

<p>response</p>

A

<p>a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point.</p>

33
Q

<p>negative feedback</p>

A

<p>a control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus. Feedback regulation for homeostasis.</p>

34
Q

<p>positive feedback</p>

A

<p>a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus. Helps drive processes to completion.</p>

35
Q

<p>circadian rhythm</p>

A

<p>a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours.</p>

36
Q

<p>acclimatization</p>

A

<p>an animal's physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment.</p>

37
Q

<p>thermoregulation</p>

A

<p>process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.</p>

38
Q

<p>poikilotherm (greek, "varied")</p>

A

<p>an animal whose body temperature varies with its environment.</p>

39
Q

<p>homeotherm</p>

A

<p>a relatively constant body temperature.</p>

40
Q

<p>integumentary system</p>

A

<p>mechanisms that either reduce heat exchange overall or favor heat exchange in a particular direction. The outer covering of the body, consisting of the skin, hair, and nails (claws or hooves in some species).</p>

41
Q

<p>vasodilation</p>

A

<p>nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls, a widening of superficial blood vessels. In endotherms, vasodilation usually increases the transfer of body heat to the environment by radiation, conduction, and convection. Allows blood to rise up to body. Helps to retain heat and oxygen such as insulation. Whereas sweat glands release heat</p>

42
Q

<p>vasoconstriction</p>

A

<p>reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels.</p>

43
Q

<p>radiation</p>

A

<p>the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.</p>

44
Q

<p>evaporation</p>

A

<p>removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas.</p>

45
Q

<p>convection</p>

A

<p>the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface.</p>

46
Q

<p>conduction</p>

A

<p>direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other.</p>

47
Q

<p>countercurrent exchange system</p>

A

<p>traps heat in the body core, thus reducing heat loss from the extremities, particularly when they are immersed in cold water or in contact with ice or snow. Heat in the arterial blood emerging from the body core is transferred directly to the returning venous blood instead of being lost to the environment.</p>

48
Q

thermogenesis

A

endotherms can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Thermogenesis is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering.

49
Q

brown fat

A

mammals have a tissue in their neck and between their shoulders that is specialized for rapid head production.

50
Q

nonshivering thermogenesis

A

endocrine signals released in response to cold cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP.

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

the brain region that also controls the circadian clock. A group of nerve cells functions as a thermostat, responding to body temperatures outside the normal range by activating mechanisms that promote heat loss or gain.

52
Q

SMR

A

standard metabolic rate: ectotherms at a specified temperature. fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest.

53
Q

bioenergetics

A

determines nutritional needs and is related to the animal’s size, activity, and environment.

54
Q

acclimation

A

adjusting to temperature change.

55
Q

autotrophs

A

plants harness light energy to build energy-rich organic molecules and then use those molecules for fuel.

56
Q

heterotrophs

A

animals obtain their chemical energy from food, which contains organic molecules synthesized by other organisms.

57
Q

metabolic rate

A

the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval.

58
Q

human metabolic rate

A

low average daily rate of about 1.5 times BMR - an indication of a relatively sedentary lifestyle.

59
Q

torpor

A

a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism adaptation that enables animals to save energy in difficult conditions.

60
Q

hibernation

A

long term torpor that is an adaptation in winter cold and food scarcity. When a mammal enters hibernation, its body temperature declines as its body’s thermostat is turned down. super low metabolism, mostly during winter.

61
Q

cryoprotectants

A

frozen organism that thaws and survives (unlike humans).

62
Q

heat shock proteins

A

helps to protect other protein in the body. a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions.

63
Q

bacterial toxins

A

chemical that kicks temperature up (fever).

Biodiversity final (2 decks)

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