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Human Anatomy > CH 4 Tissues > Flashcards

CH 4 Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissues

A

A group of similar cells and their intracellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Define histology

A

Branch of anatomy dealing with the microscopic structure of tissues

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3
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

Know and explain the basic characteristics of epithelial tissue. What are the 5 distinguishing features?

A
  1. polarity–top and bottom side of tissue (apical: free side, exposed to surface or cavity. Basal surface: attached side; attaches to the basal lamina)
  2. specialized contacts–contact points: epithelial tissues need to fir closely together (tight junctions and desmosomes)
  3. Connective tissue support – epithelial tissue is supported by connective tissue. Connective tissue always lies below epithelial tissue. Reticular lamina and basement membrane.
  4. Avascular, but innervated–no blood vessels. Does contain nerve fibers
  5. Regenerative–highly mitotic
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5
Q

Define apical surface

A

free side, exposed to surface or cavity

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6
Q

Define basal surface

A

attached side; attaches to basal lamina

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7
Q

Define basal lamina

A

noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells.

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8
Q

Define reticular lamina

A

A layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers; together with the basal lamina it is a major component of the basement membrane.

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9
Q

Define basement membrane

A

Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells

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10
Q

Define asvascular

A

lack of blood supply

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11
Q

How are epithelial tissue classified. Name these classification categories

A

by 1. number of layers (one layer–simple; more than one–stratified)
2. shape of cells (flat cells–squamous; cube like–cuboidal; like a column–columnar)

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12
Q

What are the epithelial tissue types?

A
  1. simple squamous epithelium
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  5. stratified squamous epithelium
  6. stratified cubodial epithelium
  7. stratified columnar epithelium
  8. transitional epithelium
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13
Q

Describe Simple Squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm, the simplest of the epithelial cells.
Function: allows material to pass by diffusion
In areas where lots of diffusion is needed (air sacs of lung)

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14
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Description: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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15
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A

Description: single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; main cells bear microvilli, some bear cilia; layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
Functions: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated types propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
Location: digestive tract

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16
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Description: single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface
Function: secrete substances particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Location: trachea

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17
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

Description: thick membrane composed of several cell layers
Function: protects underlying tissues on areas subjected to abrasion
Location: esophagus, mouth and vagina

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18
Q

Describe Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

quite rare. found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically 2 cells layers thick

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19
Q

Describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

very limited in the body. small amounts found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining of granular ducts
Only the apical layer is columnar

20
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

Description: resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch
Function: stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
Location: Lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra

21
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Secretes substances onto the surface or space.
Glands classified by:
-site of production
-number of cells forming the gland
Site of product release:
-Endocrine
-Exocrine

22
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
provides binding and support, protecting, insulation, storing reserve fuel and transporting substances (blood)

23
Q

list and describe the four main classes of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    -2 categories: loose and dense
  2. cartilage
    -tough, flexible; lack nerve fibers
  3. bone
    -supports and protects; stores fat and synthesizes blood cells, more collagen than cartilage, inorganic calcium salts.
  4. blood
24
Q

What is the extracellular matrix? describe what it is composed of

A

ground substance: gel-like (can be solid or liquid) material between cells
Composed of:
-collagen
-elastic fibers
-reticular

25
Q

Describe the three types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen: made of protein, collagen. Strongest and most abundant type. Tough; provides high tensile strength
Elastic Fibers: long thin elastin (protein) fibers; stretch and recoil
Reticular fibers: short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form from collagen fibers). Branching forms networks that offer more give.

26
Q

What are the main types of cells found in connective tissue?

A

“blast” cells (immature version of the cell and is making something)
-fibroblast: makes the fibers of connective tissue (the 3 above)
-chondroblasts: cells that make cartilage matrix
-osteoblasts: cells that make bone tissue
-hematopoietic stem cell: make blood cells

“Cytes” cells are the mature forms of “blasts” cells
-fibrocytes
-chondrocytes
-osteocytes

Other cells
-adipocytes (fat cells)
-white blood cells
-mast cells (inflammatory response)
-macrophages

27
Q

Name and describe the types of connective tissue proper

A

2 categories: loose and dense
-Areolar (loose connective)–part of dermis is made up of this
-Adipose (loose connective)–fat
-Reticular (loose connective)–in organs a lot
-Dense regular (dense connective)–tendons and ligaments
-dense irregular (dense connective)–joint capsule
-Elastic connective (dense connective)– walls of arteries

28
Q

What are the three types of cartilage? describe each

A
  1. Hyaline–amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers from an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix when mature (chondrocytes) like in lacunae.
    Function: supports and reinforces; serves as a resilient cushion; resists compressive stress. Location: from most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the end of the long bone in joint cavities; forms costal cartilage of ribs; cartilage in the nose, trachea, and larynx.
  2. elastic–similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers in the matrix. Functions include maintaining the shape and structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.
  3. fibrocartilage–matric similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Functions: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock. Location: intervertebral disc; pubic symphysis; disc of the knee joint.
29
Q

Define chondroblasts

A

Actively miotic cell of cartilage

30
Q

Define Chondrocyte

A

Mature cell of cartilage

31
Q

Define Lacunae

A

A small space, cavity, or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells.

32
Q

What is bone?

A

A connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton

33
Q

Define osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

34
Q

define osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

35
Q

define osteons

A

individual structural units

36
Q

Blood is classified as what type of tissue? explain

A

connective. This is because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma

37
Q

What are the basic characteristic of muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue is highly vascularized, responsible for most types of movement, and made up of myofilaments (actin and myosin).

38
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal muscle–long cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Functions include voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Located: skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin
  2. Cardiac muscle–branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that intercalated at specialized junctions (intercalated disc). Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: walls of the heart
  3. smooth muscle–spindle-shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Functions: propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control. Located in walls of hollow organs
39
Q

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

The main components of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates and controls body functions.

40
Q

Name the cells found in nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons–nerve cells: generate and conduct nerve impulses. branching cells, cell processesthat may be quite long extended from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexctiable support cells. Function: neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effect (muscle and glands). located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  2. supporting cells (neuroglial cells or glial cells)– support, insulate, and protect neurons.
41
Q

Name and describe the three membranes covering and lining the body

A

all membranes are composed of epithelium bound to the underlying connective tissue proper layer.

  1. cuntaneous membranes–another name for the skin. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Dry membrane
  2. mucous membranes–also called mucosae. line body cavitities that are open to the exterior (ex: digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts). moist membranes bathed by secretions. may secrete mucus.
  3. serous membranes–also called serosae. found in closed ventral body cavities. simple squamous epithelium (called mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue.
    -parietal serosae: internal body cavity walls
    -visceral serosae: cover internal organs
    -cavity between layers: filled with serous fluid
42
Q

define regeneration

A

replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

43
Q

define fibrosis

A

replaces damaged tissue with scar tissue, which is dense connective tissue.

44
Q

What types of tissue regenerate extremely well?

A

-epithelial tissue
-bone
-areolar connective tissue
-dense irregular connective tissue
-blood-forming tissue

45
Q

What types of tissue have moderate regenerating capacity?

A

smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

46
Q

What tissues have no regenerative capacity?

A

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord.

Human Anatomy (7 decks)

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