Ch. 4 Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards
Which of the following is not a type of tissue?
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Embryonic
- Epithelial
- Embryonic
Explanation: The four main types of tissues are muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective. “Embryonic” is not a category of tissue itself but refers to cells in their early developmental stages.
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.
- Differentiation
- Maturation
- Modification
- Specialization
- Differentiation
Explanation: Differentiation is the process where a less specialized cell becomes more specialized in function.
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from (BLANK).
- Endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium
- Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue
- Epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium
- Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Explanation: These three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) give rise to all of the body’s tissues during embryonic development.
Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?
- Mesothelium
- Lamina propria
- Mesenteries
- Mucosa
- Mucosa
Explanation: Mucosae (mucous membranes) line the body cavities that open to the external environment, such as those in the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems.
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
- Columnar
- Stratified
- Squamous
- Transitional
- Columnar
Explanation: Columnar epithelial cells are tall and narrow, with the nucleus generally positioned near the basal side of the cell.
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
- Columnar
- Pseudostratified
- Simple squamous
- Transitional
- Simple squamous
Explanation: Simple squamous epithelium lines blood vessels and allows for easy diffusion and exchange of materials due to its thin, flat cell structure.
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?
- Transitional
- Stratified columnar
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
- Stratified squamous
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Explanation: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is specialized for moving particles, such as mucus, across its surface using the coordinated movement of cilia.
The _ _ _ _ _ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the _ _ _ _ _ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
- Holocrine; apocrine
- Eccrine; endocrine
- Apocrine; holocrine
- Eccrine; apocrine
- Holocrine; apocrine
Explanation: Holocrine glands release their secretion when the entire cell ruptures, while apocrine glands release only their apical region, reforming the rest of the cell.
Which best describes the endothelium?
- Tissue attached to a layer of connective cells.
- Type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts.
- Tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system.
- Group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body.
Correct Answer: 3. Tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system
Explanation: The endothelium is a simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels, allowing for efficient exchange of nutrients and gases.
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?
- Cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers
- Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
- Collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers
- Matrix, ground substance, and fluid
- Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Explanation: Connective tissue is composed of cells, an extracellular matrix made of ground substance, and protein fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers).
Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably _ _ _ _ _.
- Loose connective tissue
- A tendon
- Bone
- Hyaline cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage.
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage appears as cells (chondrocytes) located in lacunae (spaces) within a transparent, gel-like matrix. This structure provides flexibility and support while reducing friction in joints.
Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?
- Tendon
- Adipose tissue
- Reticular tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
Explanation: Adipose tissue is specialized for storing fat and is an important energy reservoir, as well as providing insulation and protection.
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
- Areolar tissue
- Adipose tissue
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Dense regular connective tissue
Explanation: Ligaments are made of dense regular connective tissue, which has parallel collagen fibers to provide strength and resist stress along one direction.
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the (BLANK).
- Mesoderm
- Mesenchyme
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Mesenchyme
Explanation: In adults, mesenchyme (a type of stem cell) gives rise to various types of connective tissue cells for repair and regeneration.
In bone, the main cells are _ _ _ _ _.
- Fibroblasts
- Chondrocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Osteocytes
- Osteocytes
Explanation: Osteocytes are the main cells found in bone tissue. They reside in lacunae and help maintain the bone matrix.
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are _ _ _ _ _.
- Neurons
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Neurons
Explanation: Neurons are the primary cells responsible for transmitting nerve impulses via electrochemical signals.
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) (BLANK), away from the cell body.
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Microglia
- Collagen fiber
- Axon
Explanation: Nerve impulses travel along the axon away from the cell body towards the synapse.
Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
- Microglia
- Neuroglia
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Astrocytes
Explanation: Astrocytes are neuroglial cells in the central nervous system that help regulate ions, neurotransmitter levels, and contribute to the blood-brain barrier.
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Fever
- Swelling
- Fever
Explanation: The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Fever is a systemic response, not a direct sign of inflammation.
When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?
- Collagen
- Histamine
- Hyaluronic acid
- Myelin
- Histamine
Explanation: Mast cells release histamine during an immune response, which contributes to inflammation by increasing blood flow to the affected area.
Atrophy refers to (BLANK).
- Loss of elasticity
- Loss of mass
- Loss of rigidity
- Loss of permeability
- Loss of mass
Explanation: Atrophy refers to the reduction in the size or mass of a tissue or organ, often due to disuse or aging.
Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for (BLANK).
- Diet
- Exercise
- Genetic factors
- Stress
- Genetic factors
Explanation: While diet, exercise, and stress management can influence the aging process, genetic factors are largely predetermined and cannot be modified.
How do somatic stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?
Somatic stem cells are adult stem cells that can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types, while embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type in the body.
Where in the body would one find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium is found in the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal, where it provides protection while remaining moist.
In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle?
Skeletal muscle tissue appears striated with multinucleated, long, cylindrical fibers, while smooth muscle lacks striations, has a spindle-shaped appearance, and contains a single centrally located nucleus per cell.
What are the main parts of a nerve cell?
The main parts of a nerve cell (neuron) are the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.
What is a tumor?
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cell growth, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in (BLANK).
- Skeletal muscle only
- Cardiac muscle only
- Smooth muscle only
- Skeletal and cardiac muscles
- Skeletal muscle only
Explanation: Skeletal muscle fibers are striated, cylindrical, and multinucleated, unlike cardiac muscle, which has one or two nuclei per cell, and smooth muscle, which lacks striations.
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from _ _ _ _ _.
- Myoblasts
- Endoderm
- Fibrocytes
- Chondrocytes
- Myoblasts
Explanation: Myocytes develop from myoblasts, which are precursor cells that differentiate and fuse to form muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you
expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
- Nuclei
- Striations
- Golgi bodies
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondria
Explanation: Skeletal muscle cells require a large amount of energy for continuous contraction, so they contain abundant mitochondria to generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
A stem cell is undifferentiated.
- True
- False
True
Explanation: A stem cell is undifferentiated because it has not yet developed into a specialized cell type and has the potential to become various cell types in the body.
A stem cell can give rise to more stem cells.
- True
- False
True
Explanation: Stem cells have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and produce more stem cells while maintaining their undifferentiated state.
The cells around the blastocyst will form the embryo.
- True
- False
False
Explanation: The cells inside the blastocyst, known as the inner cell mass, will form the embryo, while the outer cells develop into the placenta and other supporting tissues.
There are about 250 different cell types in the body.
- True
- False
True
Explanation: The human body has approximately 250 different specialized cell types, each with distinct structures and functions.
Bone marrow doesn’t contain stem cells.
- True
- False
False
Explanation: Bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which produce blood cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells.
(BLANK) is programmed cell death.
- Apical
- Fibroblast
- Apoptosis
- Apnuerea
- Apoptosis
Explanation: Apoptosis is a controlled cellular process that leads to programmed cell death, allowing the body to remove damaged or unneeded cells without causing inflammation.
The (BLANK) is the extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it.
- Mesenchyme.
- Matricula.
- Matrix.
- Interlumen.
- Matrix
Explanation:
The matrix is the extracellular material in connective tissue, composed of ground substance and fibers, which provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Which of the following is a chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability?
- Fibrocartilage.
- Fibrocyte.
- Goblet cell.
- Histamine.
- Histamine
Explanation: Mast cells release histamine in response to injury, triggering inflammation by increasing blood flow and capillary permeability.
What is the term used to describe the innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive?
- Ectoderm.
- Uniderm.
- Endoderm.
- Mesoderm.
- Endoderm
Explanation: The endoderm is the innermost embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the majority of the digestive system and lower respiratory system, including structures such as the stomach, intestines, lungs, and liver.
