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Anatomy And Physiology CLASS > (Ch. 4) Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

(Ch. 4) Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue in the human body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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2
Q

What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers surfaces, lines passageways, form glands

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3
Q

What are the primary functions of connective tissue?

A

Supports, fills spaces, transports materials, stores energy

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4
Q

What are the primary functions of muscle tissue?

A

Specialized for contraction, enables movement

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5
Q

What are the primary functions of neural tissue?

A

Conducts electrical impulses, processes information

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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Cellular its, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

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7
Q

What is the difference between epithelia and glands?

A

Epithelia cover surfaces; glands secrete substances

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8
Q

What is the basement membrane, and why is it important?

A

A structure that anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue

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9
Q

Why is epithelial tissue avascular, and how does it receive nutrients?

A

Lacks blood vessels; nutrients diffuse from underlying tissue

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10
Q

How does epithelial tissue regenerate?

A

Stem cells at the basement membrane replace damaged cells

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11
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, permeability control, sensation, secretion

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12
Q

What are microvilli and cilia, and how do they contribute to epithelial function?

A

Microvilli increase absorption/secretion; cilia move fluids

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13
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junction in epithelial tissue?

A

Tight, gap, desmosomes

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14
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

Prevent passage of materials

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15
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Allow ion movement for communication

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16
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Provide strong adhesion between cells

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17
Q

What is the difference between spot desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

A

Spot desmosomes ties adjacent cells together; hemidesmosomes attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

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18
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified by shape?

A

Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (square), Columnar (tall)

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19
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified by layers?

A

Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers)

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20
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium, and what is its function?

A

Found in lungs, blood vessels; allows diffusion

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21
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium, and what is its function?

A

Found in skin, mouth, esophagus; provides protection

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22
Q

What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized has waterproof protein; non-keratinized does not

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23
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium, and what is its function?

A

Found in glands, kidneys; involved in secretion/absorption

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24
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium, and what is its function?

A

Found in sweat glands, mammary glands; offers protection

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25
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium, and what is its function?
Found in digestive tract; involved in absorption/secretion
26
Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and what is its function?
Found in trachea; moves mucus with cilia
27
Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium, and what is its function?
Found in salivary gland ducts; provides protection
28
What is the function of transitional epithelium, and where is it found?
Found in the bladder; allows stretching and recoiling
29
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine releases hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine releases onto surfaces via ducts
30
What are the three modes of glandular secretion?
Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine
31
Merocrine secretion: How does it work? Give an example.
Released by vesicles (ex. Sweat glands)
32
Apocrine secretion: How does it work? Give an example.
Released by shedding cytoplasm (ex. Mammary glands)
33
Holocrine secretion: How does it work? Give an example.
Released by cell bursting (ex. Sebaceous glands)
34
What are the three types of exocrine secretions?
Serous glands, mucous glands, mixed exocrine glands
35
Serous glands: What do they produce?
Watery secretions
36
Mucous glands: What do they produce?
Secrete mucins
37
Mixed exocrine glands: What do they produce?
Both serous and mucous secretions
38
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Specialized cells, fibers, ground substance
39
What are the major functions of connective tissue?
Provides structure, transports materials, stores energy, defends against pathogens
40
What are the three main categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
41
What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
Loose has more ground substance; dense has more fibers
42
What are the main cell types found in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, microphages, melanocytes
43
What are fibroblasts, and what do they do?
Produce connective tissue fibers and ground substance.
44
What is the function of adipocytes?
Store fat
45
What are mesenchymal cells, and what is their function?
Stem cells that repair damaged tissue
46
What are macrophages, and what role do they play in the immune system?
Engulf pathogens and damaged cells
47
What are mast cells, and what chemicals do they release?
Release histamine and heparin to stimulate inflammation
48
What are lymphocytes, and what is their function?
Immune response cells that produce antibodies
49
What are microphages, and what is their function?
Small phagocytic cells that respond to infection
50
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers, and what are their functions?
Collagen: strong, flexible (found in tendons/ligaments) Reticular: supportive, branching network (found in organs) Elastic: stretchable, resilient (found in skin and arteries)
51
What is ground substance, and what role does it play in connective tissue?
Fills spaces between cells, slows pathogen movement
52
What are the three types of loose connective tissue, and what are their functions?
Areolar, adipose, reticular
53
What is the function of areolar tissue?
Holds organs in place, connects epithelial tissue
54
What is the function of adipose tissue? What is the difference between white fat and brown fat?
Stores energy, cushions, insulates. White fat stores energy; brown fat generates heat
55
What is the function of reticular tissue, and where is it found?
Provides structural framework for organs like the spleen
56
What are the three types of dense connective tissue, and what are their functions?
Dense regular: Provides firm attachment, resists force in one direction, stabilizes organs Dense irregular: Provides strength to resist stress from different directions Elastic: Allows stretching and recoil
57
What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
Regular is parallel (tendons); irregular is interwoven (skin)
58
What is elastic tissue, and where is it found?
Found in blood vessels and spinal ligaments
59
What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood, Lymph
60
What are the components of the fluid connective tissue, blood?
Matrix: Plasma Cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
61
What are the components of the fluid connective tissue, lymph?
Matrix: lymph Cells: lymphocytes
62
What are the three formed elements of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
63
What is the function of lymph?
Monitors infections, returns fluid to the bloodstream
64
What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage and bone
65
What are the three types of cartilage, and what are their functions?
Hyaline: provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bones Elastic: supports structures while allowing bending and recoil Fibrocartilage: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, absorbs shock
66
What is the structure of cartilage, and why does it heal slowly?
Cartilage is made of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) embedded in a firm, gel-like extracellular matrix composed of collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. It lacks blood vessels, meaning nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through the matrix, which slows down healing since it doesn’t get direct blood supply like other tissues. It is also avascular.
67
What is the function of hyaline cartilage, and where is it found?
Reduces friction; found in joints
68
What is the function of elastic cartilage, and where is it found?
Allows flexibility, found in the ear
69
What is the function of fibrocartilage, and where is it found?
Absorbs shock; found in intervertebral discs
70
What is bone tissue, and how is it different from cartilage?
Bone tissue is hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton. It consists of osteocytes (bone cells) embedded in a mineralized matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate, which gives it strength and rigidity. Unlike cartilage, bone is highly vascularized, meaning it has a direct blood supply, allowing it to heal faster and remodel continuously
71
What are osteocytes, and what is their function?
Mature bone cells that are found in small spaces called lacunae within the bone matrix; maintain bone matrix, repair damaged bone, regulate bone remodeling, and communicate via canaliculi
72
What is the periosteum, and what are its layers?
A double-layered membrane that covers the outer surface of bones except at joints. It plays a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and attachment of tendons and ligaments; Outer fibrous layer, Inner cellular layer.
73
What are the four types of membranes?
Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
74
What is the function of mucous membranes?
Line passages that open to the outside.
75
What is the function of serous membrane, and what are the three serous membranes in the body?
Line internal cavities; pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
76
What is the cutaneous membrane, and what makes it unique?
Skin; think, waterproof, dry
77
What is the function of synovial membranes?
Line joints, produce lubricating fluid
78
What are the three types of muscle tissue, and where are they found?
Skeletal (attached to bones via tendons), cardiac (only in heart), smooth (found in walls of hollow organs)
79
How do skeletal muscle cells differ from other muscle cells?
Long, striated, multinucleated, voluntary
80
What are cardiac muscle cells, and how are they connected?
Found in the heart; connected by intercalated discs
81
What are smooth muscle cells, and where are they found?
Involuntary; found in hollow organs
82
What are the two types of neural cells, and what are their functions?
Neurons (send signals), neuroglia (support neurons)
83
What are the three main parts of a neuron, and what do they do?
Cell body (processes signals to maintain cell function), dendrites (receive signals), axon (sends signals)
84
What are neuroglia, and why are they important?
Supporting cells in the nervous system that do not transmit electrical signals but are essential for neuron function; They protect, support, and nourish neurons. They maintain homeostasis in the nervous system. They repair nervous tissue after injury.
85
What are the two processes involved in tissue repair?
Inflammation and regeneration
86
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Swelling, heat, redness, pain
87
What triggers the inflammatory response?
Trauma, infection
88
What happens during necrosis?
Tissue destruction
89
What is pus, and what is an abscess?
Pus (accumulated debris); Abscess (trapped pus)
90
What happens when blood vessels dilate during inflammation?
Increases circulation, warmth, and redness
91
What is regeneration, and which tissues regenerate well?
Fibrocytes lay down collagen; scar tissue forms
92
What tissues do not regenerate well?
Cardiac cells, neurons
93
What are the effects of aging on tissues?
Reduced healing, thinner tissues
94
Why do cancer rates increase with age?
due to accumulated mutations

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