Ch 4 Study Guide (1) Flashcards
Define an exogenous substance and differentiate it from an endogenous substance.
An exogenous substance is one that originates outside the body, while an endogenous substance is produced within the body.
What is pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs move through the body, including their routes of administration, circulation, binding, metabolism, and excretion.
Describe and contrast routes of administration, circulation and binding of the drug.
Routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation, affecting how quickly and efficiently a drug enters circulation and binds to its target.
What is depot binding?
Depot binding refers to the storage of drugs in body tissues, which can prolong their effects and alter their release into circulation.
Where are drugs metabolized?
Drugs are primarily metabolized in the liver.
How are drugs excreted?
Drugs are excreted through urine, feces, sweat, and breath.
How is drug effectiveness measured?
Drug effectiveness is measured through clinical outcomes and pharmacological responses.
What is a dose response curve?
A dose response curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between drug dose and its pharmacological effect.
Define potency of a drug.
Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.
Define affinity.
Affinity is the strength of the interaction between a drug and its receptor.
What is a therapeutic index, and how is it measured?
The therapeutic index is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug, indicating its safety margin.
If a drug is more potent, will it have a shift to the left or right on a dose response curve?
If a drug is more potent, it will have a shift to the right on a dose response curve.
What is an agonist?
An agonist is a substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
What is an antagonist?
An antagonist is a substance that blocks or inhibits the action of an agonist at a receptor.
Please describe the 11 ways drugs affect synaptic transmission.
Drugs can affect synaptic transmission by altering neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, reuptake, degradation, and more.
What is an indirect agonist/antagonist?
An indirect agonist enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter without binding to the receptor, while an indirect antagonist reduces the effect.
What does competitive binding mean?
Competitive binding occurs when two substances compete for the same binding site on a receptor.
What is tolerance?
Tolerance is a reduced response to a drug after repeated use.
What is sensitization?
Sensitization is an increased response to a drug following repeated exposure.
Define homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
What role does homeostasis play in chronic administration of a drug?
Homeostasis can lead to adaptations in the body, affecting drug efficacy and requiring dosage adjustments.
Explain upregulation and downregulation of receptor proteins.
Upregulation increases receptor numbers in response to low drug levels, while downregulation decreases receptor numbers in response to high drug levels.
How does chronic agonist and antagonist application influence changes in receptor expression?
Chronic agonist application can lead to downregulation, while chronic antagonist application can lead to upregulation of receptors.
Draw a flow chart to outline the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
The synthesis of neurotransmitters involves specific precursors and enzymes, such as acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA.
