Ch 4 Study Guide (1)

Question 1

Define an exogenous substance and differentiate it from an endogenous substance.

Answer 1

An exogenous substance is one that originates outside the body, while an endogenous substance is produced within the body.

Question 2

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs move through the body, including their routes of administration, circulation, binding, metabolism, and excretion.

Question 3

Describe and contrast routes of administration, circulation and binding of the drug.

Answer 3

Routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation, affecting how quickly and efficiently a drug enters circulation and binds to its target.

Question 4

What is depot binding?

Answer 4

Depot binding refers to the storage of drugs in body tissues, which can prolong their effects and alter their release into circulation.

Question 5

Where are drugs metabolized?

Answer 5

Drugs are primarily metabolized in the liver.

Question 6

How are drugs excreted?

Answer 6

Drugs are excreted through urine, feces, sweat, and breath.

Question 7

How is drug effectiveness measured?

Answer 7

Drug effectiveness is measured through clinical outcomes and pharmacological responses.

Question 8

What is a dose response curve?

Answer 8

A dose response curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between drug dose and its pharmacological effect.

Question 9

Define potency of a drug.

Answer 9

Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

Question 10

Define affinity.

Answer 10

Affinity is the strength of the interaction between a drug and its receptor.

Question 11

What is a therapeutic index, and how is it measured?

Answer 11

The therapeutic index is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug, indicating its safety margin.

Question 12

If a drug is more potent, will it have a shift to the left or right on a dose response curve?

Answer 12

If a drug is more potent, it will have a shift to the right on a dose response curve.

Question 13

What is an agonist?

Answer 13

An agonist is a substance that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

Question 14

What is an antagonist?

Answer 14

An antagonist is a substance that blocks or inhibits the action of an agonist at a receptor.

Question 15

Please describe the 11 ways drugs affect synaptic transmission.

Answer 15

Drugs can affect synaptic transmission by altering neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, reuptake, degradation, and more.

Question 16

What is an indirect agonist/antagonist?

Answer 16

An indirect agonist enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter without binding to the receptor, while an indirect antagonist reduces the effect.

Question 17

What does competitive binding mean?

Answer 17

Competitive binding occurs when two substances compete for the same binding site on a receptor.

Question 18

What is tolerance?

Answer 18

Tolerance is a reduced response to a drug after repeated use.

Question 19

What is sensitization?

Answer 19

Sensitization is an increased response to a drug following repeated exposure.

Question 20

Define homeostasis.

Answer 20

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Question 21

What role does homeostasis play in chronic administration of a drug?

Answer 21

Homeostasis can lead to adaptations in the body, affecting drug efficacy and requiring dosage adjustments.

Question 22

Explain upregulation and downregulation of receptor proteins.

Answer 22

Upregulation increases receptor numbers in response to low drug levels, while downregulation decreases receptor numbers in response to high drug levels.

Question 23

How does chronic agonist and antagonist application influence changes in receptor expression?

Answer 23

Chronic agonist application can lead to downregulation, while chronic antagonist application can lead to upregulation of receptors.

Question 24

Draw a flow chart to outline the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Answer 24

The synthesis of neurotransmitters involves specific precursors and enzymes, such as acetylcholine from choline and acetyl-CoA.

Question 25

Please list the nuclei and their projections for neurotransmitters.

Answer 25

Nuclei such as the basal forebrain for acetylcholine and the substantia nigra for dopamine have specific projections influencing various brain functions.

Question 26

Describe the receptor profiles for neurotransmitters.

Answer 26

Receptor profiles vary by neurotransmitter, with unique characteristics such as NMDA receptor’s role in synaptic plasticity.

Question 27

How do additional binding sites on the GABA A receptor contribute to pharmacodynamics?

Answer 27

Additional binding sites on the GABA A receptor allow for modulation by substances like benzodiazepines and alcohol, enhancing inhibitory effects.

Question 28

Compare the different sites of action/mechanisms for cocaine and amphetamines.

Answer 28

Cocaine primarily inhibits dopamine reuptake, while amphetamines increase dopamine release.

Question 29

What is one difference between methamphetamine and MDMA/Ecstasy/Molly?

Answer 29

Methamphetamine has a stronger stimulant effect compared to MDMA, which has more empathogenic properties.

Question 30

What is ADHD?

Answer 30

ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 31

What are the common pharmacological treatments for ADHD?

Answer 31

Common treatments include stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines, as well as non-stimulant options like atomoxetine.

Question 32

What are endogenous opioids?

Answer 32

Endogenous opioids are naturally occurring peptides in the body that bind to opioid receptors to modulate pain and reward.

Question 33

What receptor sites do endogenous opioids act on?

Answer 33

Endogenous opioids act on mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Question 34

Please name an agonist and antagonist for opioid receptors.

Answer 34

An agonist is morphine, and an antagonist is naloxone.

Question 35

Give an example of an endogenous lipid substance involved in chemical transmission.

Answer 35

An example is anandamide, which acts on cannabinoid receptors.

Question 36

What is an example of an exogenous lipid substance involved in chemical transmission?

Answer 36

An example is THC, which also acts on cannabinoid receptors.

Question 37

What is an example of an exogenous and endogenous nucleoside which mediates chemical transmission?

Answer 37

An example of an exogenous nucleoside is caffeine, while an endogenous nucleoside is adenosine.

Question 38

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 38

Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.

Question 39

Describe its pathology, symptoms and list some current treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease.

Answer 39

Pathology includes amyloid plaques and tau tangles; symptoms include memory loss and confusion; treatments include cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine.

Question 40

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 40

Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, causing tremors, stiffness, and balance issues.

Question 41

Describe its pathology, symptoms and list some current treatments for Parkinson’s Disease.

Answer 41

Pathology involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons; symptoms include tremors and rigidity; treatments include levodopa and dopamine agonists.