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General Psychology > Ch 4: States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Ch 4: States of Consciousness Flashcards

Key Terms

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1
Q

alpha wave

A

type of brain wave characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep, which has fairly low amplitude and a frequency of 8–12 Hz

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2
Q

beta wave

A

type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, which has a very low amplitude and a frequency of 13–30 Hz

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3
Q

biological rhythm

A

internal cycle of biological activity

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4
Q

cataplexy

A

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

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5
Q

central sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

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6
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

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7
Q

codeine

A

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

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8
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

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9
Q

collective unconscious

A

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

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10
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli

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11
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open

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12
Q

delta wave

A

type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz

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13
Q

depressant

A

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

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14
Q

euphoric high

A

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

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15
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

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16
Q

hallucinogen

A

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

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17
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

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18
Q

hypnosis

A

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

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19
Q

insomnia

A

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

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20
Q

jet lag

A

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

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21
Q

K-complex

A

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

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22
Q

latent content

A

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

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23
Q

lucid dream

A

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content

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24
Q

manifest content

A

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dreams

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25
Q

meditation

A

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

26
Q

melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

27
Q

meta-analysis

A

study that combines the results of several related studies

28
Q

methadone

A

synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

29
Q

methadone clinic

A

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

30
Q

methamphetamine

A

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

31
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

32
Q

night terror

A

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

33
Q

non-REM (NREM)

A

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

34
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

35
Q

opiate/opioid

A

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

36
Q

parasomnia

A

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

37
Q

physical dependence

A

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

38
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

39
Q

psychological dependence

A

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

40
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

41
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

42
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

43
Q

rotating shift work

A

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

44
Q

sleep

A

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

45
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

46
Q

sleep debt

A

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

47
Q

sleep rebound

A

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

48
Q

sleep regulation

A

brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

49
Q

sleep spindle

A

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

50
Q

sleepwalking

A

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

51
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

52
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

53
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

54
Q

stimulant

A

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

55
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

56
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located

57
Q

theta wave

A

type of brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 NREM sleep, which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4–7 Hz

58
Q

tolerance

A

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

59
Q

wakefulness

A

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

60
Q

withdrawal

A

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

General Psychology (4 decks)

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