ch 4: neurotransmitters and neuropharamcology

Question 1

Ligand

Answer 1

substance that binds to receptor molecules such as those at the surface of the cell

Question 2

Ligands may be Agonists

Answer 2

molecule (usually a drug) that binds to a receptor and mimics effects of another transmitter

Question 3

Ligands may be Antagonists

Answer 3

a molecule (drug) that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter

Question 4

Inverse Agonists

Answer 4

a substance that binds to receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual transmitter

Question 5

Receptor

Answer 5

a protein that binds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone

Question 6

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 6

a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist

Question 7

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 7

a receptor protein that doesn’t contain an ion channel but may, when activated, use a G-protein system to alter the functioning of the postsynaptic cell

Question 8

Endogenous

Answer 8

produced inside the body

Question 9

Receptor agonist

Answer 9

when an exogenous ligand that resembles the endogenous ligand is capable of binding to the receptor and activating i

Question 10

Competitive antagonists

Answer 10

a substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule

Question 11

noncompetitive agonist/antagonsit

Answer 11

also called neuromodulator
-some agonist or antagonist drugs may bind to target receptors at a site that is different from where the endogenous ligand binds

Question 12

modulatory site

Answer 12

a portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor’s response to its transmitter

Question 13

Amino Acids

Answer 13

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

Question 14

Amines

Answer 14

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 15

2 main classes of 1)Monoamines- Catecholamines

Answer 15

norepinephrine (NE)
epinephrine (Adrenaline)
dopamine (DA)

Question 16

2) Monoamines-Indoleamines

Answer 16

serotonin (5-HT)

melatonin

Question 17

Neuropeptides: Opioid peptides

Answer 17

• Enkephalins
• Endorphins
• Dynorphins

Question 18

Other Neuropeptides

Answer 18

Oxytocin
Substance P
Neuropeptide Y

Question 19

Gases

Answer 19

Nitric Oxide

Carbon monoxide

Question 20

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain

Answer 20

Glutamate

Asparate

Question 21

Excitotoxicity

Answer 21

-when neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of Glutamate

Question 22

GABAa receptor

Answer 22

ionotropic (ligand-gated chloride channels), producing fast, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Question 23

GABAb receptor

Answer 23

metabotropic, producing slow inhibitory effects

Question 24

GABAc receptor

Answer 24

ionotropic with a chloride channel

Question 25

GABA agonists

Answer 25

due to the inhibitory actions, GABA agonists, like Valium, are potent tranquilizers

Question 26

GABA

Answer 26

widely distributed amino acid transmitter; main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system

Question 27

Glycine

Answer 27

an amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory

Question 28

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 28

a neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic neurons, motor neurons and neurons in the brain

• one of the first neurotransmitter to be discovered
• mapped by the enzymes involved in its synthesis

Question 29

Cholinergic

Answer 29

referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter

• lost in Alzheimer’s disease
• involved w/ learning and memory

Question 30

Nicotinic

Answer 30

-cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as ACh

Question 31

Cholinergic Pathways in the Brain

Answer 31

• clusters found in the Basal Forebrain (media septal nucleus & nucleus of diagonal band & nucleus basalis
• found in the HIPPOCAMPUS& AMYGDALA
• found in the PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS and LATERODORSAL TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS

Question 32

Acetylcholine receptors

Answer 32

1) Nicotinic (nicotine)

2) Muscarinic (muscarine)

Question 33

nicotinic receptor

Answer 33

fast, ionotropic

1) Neurotransmitter binds directly to the channel
2) channel opens
3) ions flow across membrane for a brief time

Question 34

muscarinic receptor

Answer 34

slow, metabotropic

1) neurotransmitter binds G protein-coupled receptor
2) g protein activated
3) activated g-protein subunit moves to adjacent ion channel, which imposes a brief delay
4) channel opens, ions flow across membrane for a longer period of time