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MBB 231 > CH 4 Key Words > Flashcards

CH 4 Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Transmembrane Domain

A

The portion of a membrane protein that passes through the the lipid balayer, often composed of non-polar amino acids in an alpha-helical conformation

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2
Q

Head Group

A

The polar, water-soluble regions of a phospholipid that consists of a phosphate group linked to one of several small, hydrophilic molecules

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3
Q

Ligand-Gated Channel

A

A membrane channel that opens or closes in response to binding of a molecule to its surface

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4
Q

Antiport

A

A mode of membrane transport in which one transported species is moved across the membrane in one direction, coupled with the motions fo a different species across the membrane in the opposite direction

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5
Q

Facilitative Transporter

A

A transmembrane protein that binds to a specific substance and, in doing so, changes conformation to facilitate diffusion of the substance down its concentration gradient

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6
Q

Hypertonic

A

Property of one compartment having a higher solute concentration compared with that in a given compartment

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7
Q

Phosphoglycerides

A

The name given to membrane phospholipids that are built on a glycerol backbone

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8
Q

Active Transport

A

The energy requiring process in which a substance binds to a specific transmembrane protein, changing its conformation to allow passage of the substance through the membrane against the electrochemical gradient for that substance

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9
Q

Ligand

A

Any molecule that can bind to a receptor because it has a complementary structure

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10
Q

Receptor

A

Any substance that can bind to a specific molecule (ligand), often leading to uptake or signal transduction

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11
Q

Semipermeable

A

The membrane property of being freely permeable to water while allowing much slower passage to small ions and polar solutes

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12
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phosphate containing lips that represent the primary constituents of the lipid bilayer of cellular membranes. Phospholipids include both phosphoglycerides and sphinomyelin

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13
Q

GPI-anchored Proteins

A

Peripheral membrane proteins that are anchored to the membrane via linkage to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecule of the bilayer

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14
Q

Alkylating Agent

A

A chemical that reacts with a protein to attach a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain onto the protein

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15
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The shrinkage that occurs when a plant cell is placed into a hypertonic medium; its volume shrinks as the plasma membrane pulls away from the surrounding cell wall

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16
Q

Voltage-sensing Domain

A

The portion of a voltage-gated ion channel that allows it to respond to membrane voltage

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17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Process by which the diffusion rate of a substance in increased through interaction with a substance-specific membrane protein

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18
Q

Signal Transduction

A

The overall o process in which information carried by extra cellular messenger molecules is translated into changes that occur inside a cell

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19
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

A membrane-associated protein that is located entirely outside of the lipid bilayer and interacts with it through non covalent bonds

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20
Q

Conductance

A

The movement of small ions across membranes

21
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Phospholipids self-assembled into a i molecular structure based on a hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions; biologically important as the core organization of cellular membranes

22
Q

Transition Temperature

A

The temperature at which a membrane is converted from a fluid state to a crystalline gel in which lipid-molecule movement is greatly reduced

23
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane serving as a boundary between the interior of a cell and its extra cellular environment

24
Q

Single-Particle Tracking (SPT)

A

A technique for studying movement of membrane proteins that consists of 2 steps

(1) linking the protein molecules to visible substances such as colloidal gold particles

(2) monitoring the movements of the individual tagged particles under the microscope

25
Q

Liposome

A

An artificial lipid bilayer that self-assembles into a spherical vesicles or vesicle when in an aqueous environment

26
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

The overall difference in electrical charge and in solute concentration that determines the ability of an electrolyte to diffuse between two components

27
Q

Partition Coefficent

A

The ratio of a solutes solubility in oil to that in water, it is a measure of the relative polarity of a biological substance

28
Q

Pore Domain

A

The part of a voltage-gated ion channel that forms an ion-conducting channel through the membrane

29
Q

Gated Channel

A

An ion channel that can change conformation between a form open to its solute ion and one closed to the ion; such channels can be voltage gated, chemical gated, or mechanically gated depending on the nature of the process that triggers the change in conformation

30
Q

Saturation

A

A condition in which every molecule of an enzyme or transporter is bound with its substrate molecule, so that adding more substrate has no additional effect on the rate of reaction or transport

31
Q

Sphingolipids

A

A class of membrane lipids -derivations of sphingosine- that consist of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid by its amino group

32
Q

Symport

A

Simultaneous transport of two chemical species in the same direction by a single transporter

33
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

Micro domains within a cellular membrane that possess decreased fluidity due to the presence of cholesterol, glycolipids, and phospholipids containing longer, saturated fatty acids. A proposed residence of GPI-anchored proteins and signalling proteins

34
Q

Glycolipids

A

Sphingosine-based lipid molecules linked to carbohydrates, often active components of plasma membranes

35
Q

Glycosylation

A

The reactions by which sugar groups are added to proteins and lipids

36
Q

Mechano-gated Channel

A

A membrane channel that opens or closes in response to mechanical forces such as tension in the membrane

37
Q

Hypotonic

A

Property of one compartment having a lower solute concentration compared with that in a given compartment

38
Q

Osmosis

A

The property of water passing through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration, with the tendency of eventually equalizing solute concentration in the two compartments

39
Q

Voltage-Gated Channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage across a membrane

40
Q

Integral Protein

A

A membrane-associated protein that penetrates or spans the lipid bilayer

41
Q

Cotransport

A

A process that couples the movement of two solutes across a membrane, termed support if the two solutes are moved in the same direction and antiport if the two move in opposite directions

42
Q

Ion Channel

A

A transmembrane structure (eg. An integral protein with an aqueous pore) permeable to a specific ion or ions

43
Q

Lipid-anchored Protein

A

A membrane associated protein that is located outside the bilayer, but is covalently linked to a lipid molecule within the bilayer

44
Q

Isotonic

A

Property of one compartment having the same solute concentration compared with that in a given compartment

45
Q

Cell Fusion

A

Technique whereby two different types of cells (from one organism or from different species) are joined to produce one cell with one, continuous plasma membrane

46
Q

Freeze-Fracture Replication

A

Technique in which a tissue sample is first frozen and then struck with a blade that fractures the tissue block along the lines of least resistance, often resulting in a fracture line between the two leaflets of the lipid bilayer; metals are then deposited on the exposed surfaces to create a Shawnee replica that is analyzed by electron microscopy

47
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

A protein that is inserted into a membrane and spans across the whole width of the membrane

48
Q

Diffusion

A

The spontaneous process in which a substance moves from an area of higher concentration one of lower concentration, eventually reaching the same concentration in all areas

49
Q

Cholesterol

A

Sterol found in animal cells that can constitute up to half of the lipid in a plasma membrane, with the relative proportion in any membrane affecting its fluid behaviour

MBB 231 (2 decks)

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