Ch 4: Jung Analytical Psychology

Question 1

Analytical Psychology

-give brief overview of jungs main theories

Answer 1

• rests on assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence lives of everyone
• Carl Jung believed that people are extremely complex beings who possess a variety of opposing qualities, such as introversion and extraversion, masculinity and femininity, and rational and irrational drives.
• Jung believed each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors ->collective unconscious
• some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed and are called archetypes
• > the most inclusive archetype is the notion of self-realization which can be achieved only by attaining a balance between various oppossing forces of personality (theory compendium of opposites)

Question 2

Biography of Carl Jung

Answer 2

Carl Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875, the oldest by about 9 years of two surviving children. Jung’s father was an idealistic Protestant minister and his mother was a strict believer in mysticism and the occult. Jung’s early experience with parents who were quite opposite of each other probably influenced his own theory of personality, including his fanciful No. 1 and Number 2 personalities. Soon after receiving his medical degree he became acquainted with Freud’s writings and eventually with Freud himself. Not long after he traveled with Freud to the United States, Jung became disenchanted with Freud’s pansexual theories, broke with Freud, and began his own approach to theory and therapy, which he called analytical psychology. From a critical midlife crisis during which he nearly lost contact with reality, Jung emerged to become one of the leading thinkers of the 20th century. He died in 1961 at age 85.

(more detail in notes)

Question 3

Levels of the Psyche

Answer 3

Jung saw the human psyche as being divided into a conscious and an unconscious level, with the latter further subdivided into a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious.
-collective unconscious most important of unconscious

Question 4

Conscious

Answer 4

• Images sensed by the ego are said to be conscious.
• The ego thus represents the conscious side of personality (centre of consciousness but not the core of personality)
• in the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self. (must have contact with conscious word but must allow self to experience their unconscious self to achieve individuation)
• > ego is not the whole personality but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the centre of personality that is largely unconscious

Question 5

Unconscious

-two types

Answer 5

The unconscious refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego. Some unconscious processes flow from our personal experiences, but others stem from our ancestors’ experiences with universal themes. Jung divided the unconscious into the personal unconscious, which contains the complexes (emotionally toned groups of related ideas) and the collective unconscious, which includes various archetypes.

Question 6

Personal Unconscious

Answer 6

• personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual, formed by individual experiences so unique to us
• some images recalled easily, some remembered with difficulty and others beyond reach of consciousness
• contents of personal unconscious called complexes (emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas)
• > may be partly conscious and may stem from both personal and collective unconscious

Question 7

Collective unconscious

Answer 7

• Collective unconscious images are those that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors. (has root in the ancestral past of the entire species)
• Collective unconscious images are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way (thoughts, emotions and actions) whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action (aka biologically inherited response tendency)
• > primitive ancestors primordial experiences
• “forms without content representing merely the possibility of a certain type of perception and action”, with more repetition these forms begin to develop some content and emerge as relatively autonomous archetypes

Question 8

Archetypes

Answer 8

• Contents (ancient or archaic images) of the collective unconscious are called archetypes.
• > similar to complexes as that they are emotionally toned collections of associated images but whereas complexes are individualized components of the personal unconscious, archetypes are generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious
• Jung believed that archetypes originate through the repeated experiences of our ancestors and that they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations.
• Several archetypes acquire their own personality, and Jung identified these by name: persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old man, hero and self

Question 9

archetypes vs instinct

Answer 9

• instinct: unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct
• both archetypes and instincts are unconsciously determined and both help shape personality
• archetypes: biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of early ancestors
• > archetype activated when personal experience corresponds to the latent primordial image

Question 10

collective unconscious vs Freuds phylogenetic endowment

Answer 10

• Freud: personal unconscious then resorted to phylogenetic endowment
• Jung: emphasis on collective unconscious into autonomous forces called archetypes each with life and personality of its own

Question 11

persona

Answer 11

One is the persona—the side of our personality that we show to others/the world

• Jung believed each of us should project a particular role one that society dictates to each of us
• if we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization
• to be psychologically healthy we much balance demands of society and what/who we truly are
• 1913-1917 Jung struggles to stay in touch with persona ->self talk

Question 12

Shadow

Answer 12

shadow—the dark side of personality (darkness and repression).

• presents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but hide from ourself and others (morally objectionable tendencies, constructive and creative qualities
• In order for people to reach full psychological maturity, they must first realize or accept their shadow.
• > first test of courage
• easier to project dark side onto others, “realization of the shadow” is coming to grips with darkness

Question 13

1. Anima

2. Animus

Answer 13

A second hurdle in achieving maturity is for men to accept their anima—their feminine side—and for women to embrace their animus—their masculine side.
-Jung believed all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and feminine side

1. anima
   - feminine side of men originates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness
   - anima influences the feeling side in men and is explanation for irrational feelings and mood
   - few mean become well acquainted with their anima because tasks requires great courage “second test of courage” (recognize anima only after learning to felling comfortable with shadow)
   - anima originate from early men’s experiences with women combined to form generalized picture of women, global concept became embedded in collective unconscious of all men as anima archetype
   - men inclined to project anima onto wife or lover; see not as really is but as personal and collective unconscious has determined
   - >source of misunderstanding in relationship and also alluring mystique women have in psyche of men
2. Animus
   - the masculine archetype in women
   - animus symbolic of thinking and reasoning (irrational thinking and illogical opinions)
   - >can influence think of women, belongs to collective unconscious (encounters prehistoric women had with men)
   - collective unconscious and personal unconscious enter relationships with men
   - appear in dreams, vision and fantasies in personaified form just as anima

Question 14

Great Mother

Answer 14

great mother (the archetype of nourishment and destruction)

• derivative of anima and animus
• everyone possesses a great mother archetype
• represents two opposing forces: fertility and nourishment and power and destruction on the other (Jungs mother two personalities)
• strong fascination that mother has for people is often absence of a close personal relationship (Jungs evidence of great mother archetype)
• fertility an nourishment symbolized: tree, garden, sea, heaven, home church, oven etc.
• power and destruction symbolized: god-mother, mother nature, step mother or witch eg cinderella (legends myths, stories, religion)
• fertility and power combine to form concept of rebirth (may be separate archetype)

Question 15

Wise Old Man

Answer 15

the wise old man (the archetype of wisdom and meaning)

• symbolizes humans preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
• > this archetypal meaning however is unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual
• man or women dominated by wise old man may gather large following, sound profound but actually little sense (because collective unconscious cannot impart wisdom to an individual)
• > politicians, religious and social prophets (eg wizard of oz)
• > Jungs father paster (hollow pontifications)
• dreams: father, guru, doctor, priest, king, magician, life itself

Question 16

Hero

Answer 16

the hero, (the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw).

• hero archetype represented in mythology and legends as powerful person fights against great odds to conquer evil; in end hero often undone by some seemingly insignificant person or event
• > heroic deeds can be performed only by someone who is vulnerable
• when hero conquers villain frees us from feelings of impotence and misery and serves as our model for ideal personality
• origin of the hero goes back to earliest human history (dawn of consciousness)
• > in conquering villain hero is symbolically overcoming the darkness of prehuman unconsciousness

Question 17

Self

Answer 17

The most comprehensive archetype is the self; that is, the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection.
The ultimate in psychological maturity is self-realization, which is symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure.

• each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection and completion, called this innate disposition the self (the archetype of archetypes)
• unites all archetypes in process of self-realization
• it possesses conscious and personal unconscious components but it is mostly formed by collective unconscious images
• self is symbolized by a person’s idea of perfection, completion and wholeness but its ultimate symbol is the mandala
• self includes both conscious and unconscious mind and unites the opposing elements of psyche
• complete self realization is seldom but as an ideal exists within the collective unconscious of everyone
• to fully experience self, people much overcome their fear of the unconscious; prevent their persona from dominating their personality; recognize the dark side of themselves (shadow); and muster even greater courage to face their anima or animus

Question 18

Mandala

Answer 18

• ultimate symbol for self
• depicted as a circle within a square or square in a circle, represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity, balance and wholeness
• > see notes or fig 4.1 for drawing
• each archetype partly conscious, personal unconscious and collective unconscious
• fig 4.1 idealistic (even), archetypes not usually even
• > people with over abundance of consciousness=fail to realize richness and vitality of personal unconscious and collective unconscious
• > person overpowered by unconscious=pathological, one-sided personality
• although self almost never perfectly balanced, each person has in collective unconscious a concept of perfect, unified self
• > mandala represents the perfect self, the archetype of order, unity and totality
• realization is also represented by the mandala ->signifies divinity
• historically people created mandalas without understanding significance
• Jung believed psychotic patients experience more mandala motifs in their dreams (evidence people strive for order and balance)

Question 19

Dynamics of personality

Answer 19

-Jung believed that the dynamic principles that apply to physical energy also apply to psychic energy. These forces include causality and teleology as well as progression and regression.

Question 20

Causality and Teleology

-Jung’s ideas on these dynamics of personality

Answer 20

Jung accepted a middle position between the philosophical issues of causality and teleology. In other words, humans are motivated both by their past experiences and by their expectations of the future.

• causality hold that present events have their origin in previous experiences (Jung did not agree with Freud, causality he thought could not explain all motivation)
• teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny
• dreams: some past events but some can help make decisions about the future

Question 21

Progression and Regression

-Jung’s ideas on these dynamics of personality

Answer 21

To achieve self-realization people must adapt to both their external and their internal worlds. Progression involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy (react constantly to given set of enviro conditions), whereas regression refers to adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy (necessary in successful attainment of a goal, activates unconscious psyche, aids in solution of problems). Jung believed that the backward step is essential to a person’s forward movement toward self-realization.
-progression and regression essential for achieving individual growth (need both for healthy personality development

Question 22

Psychological types

Answer 22

Eight basic psychological types emerge from the union of two attitudes (introversion and extraversion) and four functions (thinking feeling, sensing and intuiting)

Question 23

Attitudes

Answer 23

Attitudes are predispositions to act or react in a characteristic manner.

• the two basic attitudes are introversion—which refers to people’s subjective perceptions—and extraversion—which indicates an orientation toward the objective world.
• each person has both introverted and extraverted attitude although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious (compensatory ying yang motif)

Introverts and extraverts often mistrust and misunderstand one another, but neither attitude is superior to the other.

• people are neither completely introverted or extra verted
• psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two attitudes (equally comfortable in internal and external worlds)
• Jung said that “Freud’s theory was essentially extraerted, alder’s introverted”, textbook revealed opposite to be true when assessing Freud and Alder’s personalities

Question 24

Introversion

Answer 24

• turning inward to the psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective
• tuned in to their inner world (fantasies, dreams, biases, perceptions)
• perceive external world subjectively (rely on their individualized view of things.)
• eg Jung during mid life crisis very introverted had to force himself to continue life as normal as possible, eventually Jung emerged from inner journey (established balance between introversion and extroversion

Question 25

Extraversion

Answer 25

• attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and way from the subjective
• > more influenced by surroundings; pragmatic and well rooted in the realities of everyday life

Question 26

Functions

Answer 26

These two attitudes can combine with four basic functions to form eight general personality types. The four functions are: (1) thinking, or recognizing the meaning of stimuli; (2) feeling, or placing a value on something; (3) sensation, or taking in sensory stimuli; and (4) intuition, or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness. Jung referred to thinking and feeling as rational functions and to sensation and intuition as irrational functions.

• 4 functions usually appear in a hierarchy one occupying a superior position, another secondary then two inferior positions
• a person who has theoretically achieved self realization or individuation would have all four functions highly developed

Question 27

Thinking

Answer 27

• logical intellectual activity that produces chain of ideas
• > thinking type can be introverted or extraverted
• extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas haven been transmitted to them from without eg parents and teachers
• > eg mathematicians and engineers, accountants
• > not all objective thinking is productive, without at least some individual interpretation ideas are merely facts with no originality or creativity
• introverted thinking people react to external stimuli but their interpretation of an event is coloured more by internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves
• > inventors and philosophers

Question 28

Feeling

Answer 28

• feeling is used by Jung to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event (valuing maybe better term)
• feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even those valued as indifferent (different than emotion)
• extraverted feeling people use objective data to make evaluation (external values and widely accepted standards of judgement
• > ease in social situation, liked, may appear shallow, artificial and unreliable
• > business people and politicians
• introverted feeling people base their value judgements primarily on subjective perceptions then objective facts
• > individualized conscience, a taciturn demeanour and unfathomable psyche
• > ignore traditional opinions and beliefs, often cases persons around them to feel uncomfortable and to cool their attitude towards them
• > critiques of art (profession)

Question 29

Sensing

Answer 29

• sensation is the function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness
• > sensing: individuals perception of sensory impulses
• > exist as absolute, elementary facts within each person
• extraverted sensing people perceive external stimuli objectively in much the way that these stimuli exist in reality, their sensations are not greatly influenced by their subjective attitude
• > proof-reader, house painter, wine taster
• introverted sensing people are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound taste and touch
• > guided by interpretation of sense stimuli rather than stimuli themselves
• > portrait artist
• > when subjective sensing attitude is carried to its extreme however it may result in hallucinations or esoteric and incomprehensible speech

Question 30

Intuiting

Answer 30

• intuition: involves perception beyond the working of consciousness
• > based on the perception of absolute elementary facts (like sensing) but differs form sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements from conscious sensation
• extraverted intuitive people are oriented towards facts in the external world (merely perceive them subliminally)
• > intuitive people suppress many of their sensations and are guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data
• > inventors
• introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perceptions of facts that are basically subjective and have little to no resemblance to external reality
• > often perceptions strong and capable of motivating big decisions
• > mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists and religious fanatics
• > may not understand own motivations yet deeply moved by them

Question 31

Development of Personality

Answer 31

Nearly unique among personality theorists was Jung’s emphasis on the second half of life (35-40 years old). Jung saw middle and old age as times when people may acquire the ability to attain self-realization.
->however opportunity for degeneration or rigid reactions is also present at this time

• the psychological health of middle-aged people is related to ability in achieving balance between poles of various opposing processes
• > ability portional to success achieved journeying through previous stages of life

Question 32

Stages of Development

Answer 32

Jung divided development into four broad stages: (1) childhood, which lasts from birth until adolescence; (2) youth, the period from puberty until middle life, which is a time for extraverted development and for being grounded to the real world of schooling, occupation, courtship, marriage, and family; (3) middle life, from about 35 or 40 until old age and a time when people should be adopting an introverted, or subjective attitude; and (4) old age, which is a time for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for death.

-journey of sun through sky (brightness=consciousness)

Question 33

Childhood

Answer 33

-3 sub stages: anarchic, monarchic, dualistic

1. anarchic phase: characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness
   - experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images incapable of being accurately verbalized
   - islands of consciousness not connection
2. Monarchic phase: characterized by development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking
   - during this time children see themselves objectively and often refer themselves in 3rd person
   - islands of consciousness larger and numerous and inhabited by a primitive ego
   - although ego perceived as an object it is not yet aware of itself as perceiver
3. Dualistic phase: ego divided into objective and subjective (ego as perceiver arises)
   - 1st person; aware of self as seperate individual
   - islands of consciousness become continuous land inhabited by an ego complex that recognizes itself as both object and subject

Question 34

Youth

Answer 34

-period from puberty until middle of life called youth
-young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from parents, find mate, raise family and make place in world
-period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness and recognizing that the problem free era of childhood is gone
-major difficulties facing youth: overcome natural tendency to cling to narrow consciousness of childhood thus avoiding problems pertinent to present time of life
->desire to live in past is called conservative principle
(middle aged or elder that attempts to hold onto youthful values handicapped in capacity to achieve self-realization and impairment in ability to establish new goals and seek new meaning to life

Question 35

Middle Life

Answer 35

• begin approx 35 or 40, downward decent
• > increased anxieties but also period of tremendous potential
• if live “afternoon of life” like morning (early life) become rigid and fanatical, not meeting assumptions (what rue in morning, becomes lie)
• people who lived youth by neither childish or middle aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life
• > capable giving up extraverted goals of youth and moving in the introverted direction of expanding consciousness
• > must look forward to future with hope and anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth and discover new meaning in middle life
• > step often involves mature religious orientation (after life)

Question 36

Old Age

Answer 36

• people experience diminution of consciousness just as sun diminishes at dusk
• fear of death earlier will likely fear in this stage (normal, Jung believed death is goal of life)
• most of Jung’s patient middle aged or older and suffered from backwards orientation; treated these patients by helping establish new goals and find meaning in living by 1st finding meaning in death
• > dream interpretation (often symbols of rebirth used these and other symbols to determine patient’s unconscious attitudes towards death and help them discover meaningful philosophy of life)

Question 37

Self-Realization

Answer 37

Self-realization, or individuation, involves a psychological rebirth and an integration of various parts of the psyche into a unified or whole individual. Self-realization represents the highest level of human development.

• analytical psychology is psychology of opposites and self-realization is process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogenous individual
• achieved realization of self, minimized persona, recognized anima or animus and balance between introversion and extraversion and elevated all four functions to a superior position
• self-realization extremely rare; achieved only by people who are able to assimilate their unconscious into their total personality
• balance between all aspects of personality
• live in real world make concession to it, but aware of regressive process that leads to self discovery (seeing unconscious images as potential material for new psychic life, self-realized people welcome these images as they appear in dreams and introspective

Question 38

Jung’s Method’s of Investigation

Answer 38

Jung used the word association test, dreams, and active imagination during the process of psychotherapy, and all these methods contributed to his theory of personality.

• > Jung also gathered data for his theories from extensive reading in many disciplines
• > this info was then combined with readings on medieval alchemy, occult phenomena or other subject in an effort to confirm the hypotheses of analytical psychology
• Jung looking in many different fields to build conception of humanity (sociology, biology, anthropology, philology, religion, philosophy etc)
• Jung believed he was a scientific investigator

Question 39

Word Association Test

Answer 39

Jung used the word association test early in his career to uncover complexes embedded in the personal unconscious. The technique requires a patient to utter the first word that comes to mind after the examiner reads a stimulus word. Unusual responses indicate a complex; that, an element from the personal unconscious.

• Jung not first to use but helped develop and refine it
• his original purpose was to demonstrate Freud’s hypothesis (unconscious)
• purpose of test in Jungian psychology today is to uncover feeling- toned complexes
• > complex is an individualized, emotionally toned conglomeration of images grouped around a central core
• > the word association test is based on principle that complexes create measurable responses
• Jung used list 100 stimulus words, arranged to elicit emotional reations
• > person instructed to respond to each stimulus word with 1st word that came to mind
• Jung recorded: verbal response, time taken to respond, rate of breath and galvanic resposne
• > usually repeat experiment to determine test-retest consistency
• certain types of reactions indicate stimulus word has toughed a complex (restricted breathing, changes in electrical conductivity of skin, delayed reactions; multiple responses, disregard of instruction, inability to pronounce common word; failure to respond and inconsistency on test-retest; laughing; coughing, crying, excessive movement, repetition of stimulus word)

Question 40

Dream Analysis

Answer 40

Jung believed that dreams may have both a cause and a purpose and thus can be useful in explaining past events and in making decisions about the future. “Big dreams” and “typical dreams,” both of which come from the collective unconscious, have meanings that lie beyond the experiences of a single individual.

• Jung agreed with Freud that dreams have meaning, spring from depths of unconscious and latent meaning expressed in symbolic form, objects to Freud’s idea that all dreams are wishfulfillments and that most dream symbols represented sexual urges
• Jung believed that people used symbols to represent a variety of concepts to try to comprehend the innumerable things beyond the rang of human understanding”
• purpose of dream interpretation to uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of self-realization
• dreams compensatory; feelings attitudes not expressed, outlet through dreams
• humans move towards completion; in life incomplete, person’s unconscious will strive to complete process through dream process
• big dreams, typical dreams and earliest dream remembered Jung believed offered proof for existence of collective unconscious
• > Jung’s “big dream”, discovered the world of the primitive man within myself a world which can scarcely be reached or illuminated by consciousness (evidence for levels of psyche, upper floor=consciousness, ground floor= 1st layer of unconscious, cave=collective unconscious)
• > typical dreams=common, include archetypal figures, events and objects
• > earliest dreams remembered: age 3 or 4, contain mythological and symbolic images and motifs that could not have reasonably experienced by the individual child (often contain archetypal motifs and symbols (mandala, wise old man, tree), proof collective and objective part of human psyche)
• > Jungs dream meadow rectangle hole=death, green curtain=earth, read carpet=blood, tree=erect penis

Question 41

Active Imagination

Answer 41

Jung also used active imagination to arrive at collective images. This technique requires the patient to concentrate on a single image until that image begins to appear in a different form. Eventually, the patient should see figures that represent archetypes and other collective unconscious images.

• active imagination: this method requires a person to begin with any impression (a dream image, vision, picture or fantasy) and concentrate until the impression begins to “move”
• > the person must follow these images to wherever they lead and then courageously these autonomous images and freely communicate with them
• purpose: reveal archetypal images emerging from the unconscious
• useful technique for those that want to become better acquainted with their collective and personal unconscious
• Jung believed active imagination advantage over dream analysis as images produced during consciousness so more clear and reproducible
• variation of active imagination, draw or paint (used in self analysis) fantasy progression

Question 42

Psychotherapy

• 4 basic approaches to psychotherapy
• purpose to Jungian therapy
• transference

Answer 42

The goal of Jungian therapy is help neurotic patients become healthy and to move healthy people in the direction of self-realization. Jung was eclectic in his choice of therapeutic techniques and treated old people differently than the young.

• 4 basic approaches to therapy, representing 4 developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy
  1. confession of a pathogenic secret (cathartic method)—josef breuer
  2. interpretation, explanation and elucidation –Freud, insight into causes of their neuroses
  3. education of patients as social beings –Alder, often leaves patient merely socially well-adjusted
  4. transformation: therapist must first be transformed into a healthy being by undergoing psychotherapy, only after transformation and established philosophy of life is the therapist able to help patient move towards individuation, wholeness and self realization –Jung eclectic in theory and practice of psychotherapy
• importance of transference (particular during stages 1-3), transference revelation of highly personal info (Mother Jung, God etc)
• countertransference: describe therapist’s feeling towards the patient (help or hindrance to treatment)

Question 43

Related Research

Answer 43

Although Jungian psychology has not generated large volumes of research, some investigators have used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers, 1962) to examine the idea of psychological types.

Some research suggests that engineering students who score high on both extraversion and feeling are likely to drop out of school or change their major (Thomas et al., 2000). . Other research has found that teachers-in-training are more likely than other people in general to score high in intuition and feeling (Willing, Guest, & Morford, 2001).

Filbeck, Hatfield, & Horvath (2005) studied how personality affects the ways people invest their money, specifically as related to levels of risk taking. The findings corresponded well with Jungian personality types. The researchers concluded that personality of investors is an important factor to consider.

• MBTI good predictor of who is willing to tolerate risk and who is not
• thinking type: high tolerance for risk, feeling type low tolerance for risk
• extraversion and introversion not a good predictor of risk tolerance

personality type and leadership
Gardner and Martinko (1990)
-effective managers: preference thinking over feeling; judging over perceiving
Jarlstrom and Valkealahti 2010
-business students and mangeres
-MBTI to examine “person-job fit”
-different results: feeling types overrepresented among business students compared to managers
->could be new type profile is emerging in today’s business world (motivate teams of employees (like coach), compassion, encouragement, consensus building)

Question 44

Critique of Jung

Answer 44

Although Jung considered himself a scientist, many of his writings have more of a philosophical than a psychological flavor.
As a scientific theory:
1. ability to generate testable hypotheses and descriptive research: it rates below average on its ability to generate research (most does not do this (collective unconscious and archetype) but classification and typology of functions and attitudes have generated a moderate amount of research)
2. falsification: very low on its ability to withstand falsification.
3. organize observations into meaningful framework: It is about average on its ability to organize knowledge (only modern personality theorist attempt (collective unconscious) to include such a broad scop of human activity within single theoretical framework)
4. practicality: low rating
5. internally consistent (operational defined terms): low (yes some terms consistent, no for operationally defined terms, used several terms to describe same concept)
6. parsimony: low (complexities and broad scope; more complex then nessisary

(low on each of the other criteria of a useful theory.)

Question 45

Concept of Humanity

Answer 45

Jung saw people as extremely complex beings who are a product of both conscious and unconscious personal experiences. However, people are also motivated by inherited remnants that spring from the collective experiences of their early ancestors. Because Jungian theory is a psychology of opposites, it receives a moderate rating on the issues of free will versus determinism, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology. It rates very high on unconscious influences, low on uniqueness (similarity high), and low on social influences (biology over social).