CH - 4 Intro to SLP Flashcards
Accent
Usually considered the speech pronunciation and inflections used by nonnative American English speakers (foreign accent).
Babbling
The production of a consonant and vowel in the same syllable, either reduplicated (ba-ba, gaa-gaa) or nonreduplicated (baa-da-gi), that tends to appear at about 6 or 7 months of age.
Behavioral Theory
In reference to speech and language, a perspective of development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning.
Bilingual
Children who often speak the parents’ native language in the home environment and speak American English in school or other environments.
Blend
A blend or consonant cluster occurs when two or more sounds appear together with no vowel separation (e.g., /tr, sp, bl, str, spl, str, skw/).
Code Switching
An occurrence for bilingual individuals in which sounds, words, semantics, syntactic, or pragmatic elements from one language are included when speaking another language, either automatically or intentionally; also can be expanded to include nonstandard and standard dialects.
Cognitive Development
The progressive and continuous growth of perception, memory, imagination, conception, judgment, and reasoning; it is the intellectual counterpart of a person’s biological adaptation to the environment.
Communicative Competence
A child’s grammatical knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Cooing
The production of vowel-like sounds (usually /u/ and /oo/ with occasional brief consonant-like sounds similar to /k/ and/g/), usually produced by infants when feeling comfort or pleasure and interacting with a caregiver.
Culural-linguistic Diversity (CLD)
A perspective of language development that emphasizes the similarities and differences of the people and the languages spoken around the world, and that stresses how one language or dialect is no better than another.
Cultures
The philosophies, values, attitudes, perceptions, religious and spiritual beliefs, educational values, language, customs, child-rearing practices, lifestyles, and arts shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.
Dialect
A specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region or among a large group of people (social or ethnic dialects) that differs significantly from the standard of the larger language community in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic use of words.
Discourse
An extended verbal exchange on a topic (i.e., a conversation or long narrative).
Echolalia
An infant’s immediate and automatic reproduction or imitation of speech heard from the sounds made by others in the environment; the words infants imitate are not yet meaningful to them.
ESL (English as a Second Language)
Learning English after a child’s native (home) language has been established.
Functor Words
Words whose grammatical functions are more obvious than their semantic content and that serve primarily to give order to a sentence, such as articles, conjunctions, determiners, prepositions, and modal and auxiliary verbs.
Holophrastic Language
The use of a single word to express a complete thought.
Inner Speech
The nearly constant internal monologue a person has with himself at a conscious or semiconscious level that involves thinking in words; a conversation with oneself.
Jargon
Strings of syllables produced with stress and intonation that mimic real speech but are not actual words.
Language Development
The progressive growth of a receptive and expressive communication system for representing concepts using arbitrary symbols (sounds and words) and rule-governed combinations of those symbols (grammar).
Lexicon
Refers to all morphemes, including words and parts of words, that a person knows.
MLU (Mean length of Utterance)
The average number of morphemes in a young child’s individual utterances; generally equivalent to a child’s chronological age.
Multicultural
A society characterized by a diversity of cultures, languages, traditions, religions, and values, as well as socioeconomic classes, sexual orientations, and ability levels; ideally, where individuals are respected and valued for their contributions to the whole of that society.
Narrartive
The orderly, sequenced relating of accounts or events.
Nativistic Theory
A perspective of language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon.
Natural Processes
The processes that are common in the speech development of children across languages.
Neonate
A child within the first 28 days after birth.
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
A learning model for changing behavior in which a desired behavior is reinforced immediately after it spontaneously occurs.
`Parallel Speech
Naming, describing, and explaining what the child is experiencing and probably feeling, almost as if the caregiver is the child; a technique used by some parents, as well as clinicians, to help children develop receptive and expressive language.
Parentese/Motherse
The often automatic speech pattern of parents and caregivers with infants in which the person uses a high pitched voice with an unusual amount of inflection, one- and two-syllable words in short, simple sentences, and a slower than normal rate of speech with clear articulation that sometimes emphasizes every syllable.
Phonological Processes
The simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner; phonological processes help explain errors of substitution, omission, and addition that children may use to simplify the production of difficult sounds.
Prelinguistic (preverbal) vocalizations
The sounds produced by an infant before the production of true words and language (e.g., crying, cooing, babbling, and echolalia).
Semantic-cognitive theory
A perspective of language development that emphasizes the interrelationship between language learning and cognition; that is, the meanings conveyed by a child’s productions.
Social Pragmatic Theory
A perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language.
Speech Development
The progressive evolving and shaping of individual sounds and syllables that are used as arbitrary symbols and applied in rule-governed combinations to produce words to communicate a person’s wants, needs, thoughts, knowledge, and feelings.
Standard Dialect
The dialect of a language that is commonly spoken or established by individuals with considerable formal education.
Stress
Variations in intensity, frequency, and duration on one syllable more than another in a word, which usually results in the syllable sounding both louder and longer than other syllables in the same word.
Telegraph Speech (Language)
Condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives; often used by 3-year-old children and college students taking lecture notes.
Utterance
A unit of vocal expression preceded and followed by a pause or silence; may be a single sound, word, phrase, or sentence.
Vocal Play
The longer strings of syllables that extend babbling (e.g., baa-da-gi-daa-um-ma).
