CH - 4 Intro to SLP

Question 1

Accent

Answer 1

Usually considered the speech pronunciation and inflections used by nonnative American English speakers (foreign accent).

Question 2

Babbling

Answer 2

The production of a consonant and vowel in the same syllable, either reduplicated (ba-ba, gaa-gaa) or nonreduplicated (baa-da-gi), that tends to appear at about 6 or 7 months of age.

Question 3

Behavioral Theory

Answer 3

In reference to speech and language, a perspective of development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning.

Question 4

Bilingual

Answer 4

Children who often speak the parents’ native language in the home environment and speak American English in school or other environments.

Question 5

Blend

Answer 5

A blend or consonant cluster occurs when two or more sounds appear together with no vowel separation (e.g., /tr, sp, bl, str, spl, str, skw/).

Question 6

Code Switching

Answer 6

An occurrence for bilingual individuals in which sounds, words, semantics, syntactic, or pragmatic elements from one language are included when speaking another language, either automatically or intentionally; also can be expanded to include nonstandard and standard dialects.

Question 7

Cognitive Development

Answer 7

The progressive and continuous growth of perception, memory, imagination, conception, judgment, and reasoning; it is the intellectual counterpart of a person’s biological adaptation to the environment.

Question 8

Communicative Competence

Answer 8

A child’s grammatical knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Question 9

Cooing

Answer 9

The production of vowel-like sounds (usually /u/ and /oo/ with occasional brief consonant-like sounds similar to /k/ and/g/), usually produced by infants when feeling comfort or pleasure and interacting with a caregiver.

Question 10

Culural-linguistic Diversity (CLD)

Answer 10

A perspective of language development that emphasizes the similarities and differences of the people and the languages spoken around the world, and that stresses how one language or dialect is no better than another.

Question 11

Cultures

Answer 11

The philosophies, values, attitudes, perceptions, religious and spiritual beliefs, educational values, language, customs, child-rearing practices, lifestyles, and arts shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.

Question 12

Dialect

Answer 12

A specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region or among a large group of people (social or ethnic dialects) that differs significantly from the standard of the larger language community in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic use of words.

Question 13

Discourse

Answer 13

An extended verbal exchange on a topic (i.e., a conversation or long narrative).

Question 14

Echolalia

Answer 14

An infant’s immediate and automatic reproduction or imitation of speech heard from the sounds made by others in the environment; the words infants imitate are not yet meaningful to them.

Question 15

ESL (English as a Second Language)

Answer 15

Learning English after a child’s native (home) language has been established.

Question 16

Functor Words

Answer 16

Words whose grammatical functions are more obvious than their semantic content and that serve primarily to give order to a sentence, such as articles, conjunctions, determiners, prepositions, and modal and auxiliary verbs.

Question 17

Holophrastic Language

Answer 17

The use of a single word to express a complete thought.

Question 18

Inner Speech

Answer 18

The nearly constant internal monologue a person has with himself at a conscious or semiconscious level that involves thinking in words; a conversation with oneself.

Question 19

Jargon

Answer 19

Strings of syllables produced with stress and intonation that mimic real speech but are not actual words.

Question 20

Language Development

Answer 20

The progressive growth of a receptive and expressive communication system for representing concepts using arbitrary symbols (sounds and words) and rule-governed combinations of those symbols (grammar).

Question 21

Lexicon

Answer 21

Refers to all morphemes, including words and parts of words, that a person knows.

Question 22

MLU (Mean length of Utterance)

Answer 22

The average number of morphemes in a young child’s individual utterances; generally equivalent to a child’s chronological age.

Question 23

Multicultural

Answer 23

A society characterized by a diversity of cultures, languages, traditions, religions, and values, as well as socioeconomic classes, sexual orientations, and ability levels; ideally, where individuals are respected and valued for their contributions to the whole of that society.

Question 24

Narrartive

Answer 24

The orderly, sequenced relating of accounts or events.

Question 25

Nativistic Theory

Answer 25

A perspective of language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon.

Question 26

Natural Processes

Answer 26

The processes that are common in the speech development of children across languages.

Question 27

Neonate

Answer 27

A child within the first 28 days after birth.

Question 28

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Answer 28

A learning model for changing behavior in which a desired behavior is reinforced immediately after it spontaneously occurs.

Question 29

`Parallel Speech

Answer 29

Naming, describing, and explaining what the child is experiencing and probably feeling, almost as if the caregiver is the child; a technique used by some parents, as well as clinicians, to help children develop receptive and expressive language.

Question 30

Parentese/Motherse

Answer 30

The often automatic speech pattern of parents and caregivers with infants in which the person uses a high pitched voice with an unusual amount of inflection, one- and two-syllable words in short, simple sentences, and a slower than normal rate of speech with clear articulation that sometimes emphasizes every syllable.

Question 31

Phonological Processes

Answer 31

The simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner; phonological processes help explain errors of substitution, omission, and addition that children may use to simplify the production of difficult sounds.

Question 32

Prelinguistic (preverbal) vocalizations

Answer 32

The sounds produced by an infant before the production of true words and language (e.g., crying, cooing, babbling, and echolalia).

Question 33

Semantic-cognitive theory

Answer 33

A perspective of language development that emphasizes the interrelationship between language learning and cognition; that is, the meanings conveyed by a child’s productions.

Question 34

Social Pragmatic Theory

Answer 34

A perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language.

Question 35

Speech Development

Answer 35

The progressive evolving and shaping of individual sounds and syllables that are used as arbitrary symbols and applied in rule-governed combinations to produce words to communicate a person’s wants, needs, thoughts, knowledge, and feelings.

Question 36

Standard Dialect

Answer 36

The dialect of a language that is commonly spoken or established by individuals with considerable formal education.

Question 37

Stress

Answer 37

Variations in intensity, frequency, and duration on one syllable more than another in a word, which usually results in the syllable sounding both louder and longer than other syllables in the same word.

Question 38

Telegraph Speech (Language)

Answer 38

Condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives; often used by 3-year-old children and college students taking lecture notes.

Question 39

Utterance

Answer 39

A unit of vocal expression preceded and followed by a pause or silence; may be a single sound, word, phrase, or sentence.

Question 40

Vocal Play

Answer 40

The longer strings of syllables that extend babbling (e.g., baa-da-gi-daa-um-ma).