Ch 4- Further Discussion of Prenatal Development

Question 1

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 1

Tends to occur near the midpoint of a woman’s cycle

Question 2

Infertility

Answer 2

Defined as the inability to become pregnant after 1 year of trying.

Question 3

What is the most common 1st medical step in reproductive technology?

Answer 3

To have the woman take a drug that stimulates the ovaries to ripen and release eggs.

Question 4

The absence of testosterone in a normally developing XY male may result in:

Answer 4

the development of testes with, however, a female reproductive system.

Question 5

When does sexual differentiation (due to hormonal activity) begin?

Answer 5

During the embryonic period during the 7th and 8th prenatal weeks, just before it becomes a fetus.

Question 6

Stem Cell

Answer 6

A cell that can be translated into any area of the body where it will take on the function of other cells in that area. Theses cells are not specialized yet, so they are promising for treating diseases like Parkinson’s and Diabetes.

Question 7

When (during a pregnancy) will a baby’s sensory organs be functioning?

Answer 7

At the end of the second trimester (6 months into pregnancy)
i.e. it is effective to play classical music for baby at this point.

Question 8

Age of Viability

Answer 8

The point at which survival outside of the uterus might be possible. (It is from 22-28 weeks into the pregnancy vs a full term pregnancy which is from 38-40 weeks in length).

Question 9

Teratogen

Answer 9

as any drug (aspirin), disease (like German measles), or environmental agent (like lead).

Question 10

True or False: The genetic makeup of a fetus can influence the impact of a teratogen

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

Thalidomide & Side-effects

Answer 11

Was a drug used in the early 1960s to help pregnant women deal with morning sickness. It is currently used to treat leprosy, TB, and forms of cancer. But, when used by pregnant women in the 1960s it caused birth defects, such as ear and eye malformations, and limb formations (flapper arms/legs).

Question 12

DES (diethylstibestriol) & Side-effects

Answer 12

Teratogen whose effects were not evident until years later. Female offspring of women who took DES while pregnant often had difficulty getting pregnant, and some had rare vaginal cancers.

Question 13

The most likely impact on a child of significant exposure to led is…

Answer 13

Cognitive impairment, sometimes mental retardation.

Question 14

Ideally, how much weight should a woman gain during her pregnancy?

Answer 14

25-30 lbs

Question 15

Genes and Effects of Smoking While Pregnant

Answer 15

• birth weight
• elevated antisocial behavior (can engage in wrongdoings without feeling guilt) and found that this behavior could be linked to genes but not to smoking

Question 16

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 16

Leads to children with increased seizures, hyper activity, and mental retardation and affects physical appearance.

Question 17

Lucy has been getting drunk nightly throughout most of her pregnancy. Her baby is born with widely spaced eyes, a flat nose, and a small head. Later tested in the mental retardation IQ range. Lucy’s baby has:

Answer 17

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

Question 18

Holly has been snorting cocaine often while pregnant. Her baby is born with low birth weight, is malnourished, and is showing withdrawal symptoms.
Is there more significant impairment if harm is earlier or later in pregnancy?

Answer 18

Earlier.

Question 19

A stillbirth is any fetal death occurring on or after __ weeks of gestational age.

Answer 19

20.

Question 20

The impact of maternal stress is most severe on pregnancy when the stress is _____ and _____. These babies are more at risk for increased _____ and ______.
Will relatively brief stressors usually have a significant impact?

Answer 20

Prolonged and severe.
Irritability and crying.
No.

Question 21

If mom to be is anorexic, and gains only 12 pounds during the pregnancy, the baby will be at increased risk for cognitive impairment. These kids, if malnourished in early life may well exhibit ______ _____.

Answer 21

Stunted growth.

Question 22

When children with stunted growth are normally fed later, many of these kids show “_____ __ growth” and may attain their full genetic potential height as adult—but these kids may remain permanently impaired cognitively/intellectually (IQ).

Answer 22

Catch up growth.

Question 23

Severe Perinatal anoxia and Side-effects

Answer 23

Lack of oxygen during the birthing process.

• Increases the risk of child having cerebral palsy.
• Great difficulty controlling muscle movements.

Question 24

Why do C-Section deliveries continue to be popular?

Answer 24

Doctors and moms sometimes prefer having a scheduled, rather than unexpected, birth.

Question 25

In terms of Infant Mortality: (3 things)

Answer 25

(A) the current rate is less than 1% in western industrialized nations.
(B) The rate is twice as high for black infants as white infants.
(C) In some areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate of infants is about 15%.

Question 26

Neo-Natal period

Answer 26

The first months after birth.

Question 27

What is the leading cause of infant mortality?

Answer 27

Prematurity.

Question 28

Extremely low birth weight infants are at risk for: (3 things)

Answer 28

Blindness
Deafness
Autism