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The Art Of Reading Buildings > Ch. 4 Classifying Buildings—NFPA 220 System > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Classifying Buildings—NFPA 220 System Flashcards

1
Q

3 step process to size up

A

Pre incident study
Pre fire familiarization
On scene and pre and post incident review

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2
Q

Initially, the author states to use these 4 ways to classify a structure

A

NFPA 220
Era
Occupancy
Size

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3
Q

Combustible

A

Will burn

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4
Q

Limited combustible

A

Have one half the heat potential of wood, no over 3500 but/lb

Douglas fir is 8400 but

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5
Q

Noncombustible

A

Will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when heated

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6
Q

FRR, Fire resistance rating

A

Length of time to burn through a given material

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7
Q

Flame spread rating

A

The length of time it takes to burn across the surface of a given material

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8
Q

Protected

A

Having an FRR of at least one 1 hour

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9
Q

Unprotected

A

A material that when exposed will cause degradation and effect structural integrity

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10
Q

Which type of buildings are not easily identified from the street?

A

Type I and Type II

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11
Q

4 ways to enclose steel in Type I

A

Concrete
Spray on
Gypsum
Special paint

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12
Q

The intumescent coating is

A

.5 in thick, will expand 15 to 30 times in a fire

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13
Q

Curtain wall construction can be of:

A

Glass, tile aluminum, slate, concrete,

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14
Q

How big is the gap on a curtain wall construction

A

3-4”

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15
Q

3 primary floor plans of Type I

A

Center core

Center Hallway

Combination of

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16
Q

First Interstate Fire

A

1988, 3 1/2 hours to control
Burned 45 min per floor
Lapping, curtain wall, have, poke throughs, and radiated heat all contributed to the problems

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17
Q

Primary hazard for Type 1

A

Contents

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18
Q

What’s the main difference between Type I & II

A

The FRR ratings are much lower due to steel being unprotected

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19
Q

Primary hazard of Type II buildings

A

Contents and roof material

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20
Q

3 types of walls in Type II bldg

A

Unreinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Tilt up/pre cast

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21
Q

What type of Wall is most susceptible to collapse

A

URM- not used anymore-can collapse outward, twice it’s height

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22
Q

Hydra matic fire

A

Metal deck built up roof

Burned entire 1.5 million squ ft area

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23
Q

MGM

A

Extension of smoke through HVAC

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24
Q

Vacant warehouse in NV

A

Tilt wall gave out in 15 minutes

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25
Q

How high can a parapet wall extend

A

1’-8’

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26
Q

Pipe chase

A

Think stacked kitchens at apartments or kitchens below bathrooms

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27
Q

Scuppers can

A

Help show the actual roof behind a parapet wall.

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28
Q

Danger of UMC in Type III construction

A

Lack of Portland cement and rebar make the wall weak and unstable. Capped by capping stones that have lost their adhesion

29
Q

Cornices on new Type III

A

In new Type III construction,nothing more then foam. Cannot support weight
Contributed to Monte Carlo hotel fire

30
Q

Cornices on older Type III

A

Stronger than newer ones, but age has worn down the wood and metal. Still not safe

31
Q

Type III facades

A

Can conceal hidden fire

32
Q

Cugees fire

A

Blame it on layers of roofing being supported by wooden beams that were in lets that gave way

33
Q

Type IV dean

A

Shall be that ext walls, and interior load bearing are approved non combustible and limited combustible. Other interior features can be of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces

34
Q

Book defn of Type IV

A

Think masonry wall construction around heavy timber lumberyard

35
Q

Type IV:

A

Factories, churches,warehouses, lodges

Large wooden members that are no longer cost effective

36
Q

Requirements for heavy Timber

A 
8" when supporting floors
not less than "6 wide and 8" deep for supporting ceiling
T & G of 3" thickness, 1" covering
Roof- 2" TG
Walls will have a FRR of no less than 2
37
Q

Are Mills and Heavy Timber the same?

A

No, Mills were built before many of the Requirements were made, but they are similar

38
Q

Type IV considerations

A 
Renovations creates voids
Lack of sprinklers
Petroleum products on flooring
Fire cut floor beams and roof joists
Large fire load
Position away for collapse
39
Q

4 types of Type V construction

A

Stacked log
Post and beam
Balloon
Western platform

40
Q

Chinking is

A

Paste like filler used in log construction. Went away when builders started planing the logs

41
Q

How can you spot a LW log construction

A

Look for log rafter tails only at the corners or at the gable ends with the eaves and soffits finished out like a typical wood frame

42
Q

Main fire concern for log cabin

A

Interior geometry and contents

NOT the fact that it is wood

43
Q

Girts and ribbon boards are also known as

A

Horizontal beams

44
Q

Post and Beam

A

Pole barn construction
Uses mortises and tenons
Large open spaces

45
Q

The mortise is the _______and the tenon is the_________

A

Cavity, projection

46
Q

Fire spread concern for Post and Beam/Pole Barn?

A

Non finished open spaces creates a firestorm

47
Q

Weak link in Post and Beam construction

A

Mortise and Tenon

48
Q

Balloon Frame

A

No fire blocking
Continuous studs
Ribbon board on the exterior?

49
Q

Bungalow construction

A

2 x4 rafters up to 3’ apart

50
Q

Visual cues of a Balloon frame construction

A

Old wood frame up to 3 stories
Old wood ship lap or asbestos siding
Visible 2x4 rafter tails
Windows line up

51
Q

What is almost mandatory at a Balloon frame fire?

A

Vertical ventilation, when fire is in the voids

52
Q

Balloon construction will give some warning before collapse with sagging however, watch out for

A

Roof collapse due to increased rafter spacing

53
Q

How is Western Platform different from Balloon

A

Each floor is separate from the rest
Uses 2x4 or 2x 6 studs
Double plate at the ceiling

54
Q

What are the two fire stopping elements of Western platform?

A

The double plate at the top

Fire blocking in the wall

55
Q

What are the 3 types of Platform construction

A

Conventional 1800’s- 1940

Legacy 1950’s- present

Engineered

56
Q

Conventional - Rough finish does what

A

Chars over and slows the burn rate down

57
Q

Conventional platform features

A 
Through connections
Solid wood-no trusses
Lathe and plaster
T and G flooring
Various roof coverings, osb, 1x6 boards, tar, slate
58
Q

What are the fire concerns and collapse concerns of Conventional Platform?

A

The roof will char and slow down the burn, the contents are the main concern

Resistive to collapse due to compartmentalization, but attachments like decks are a killer

59
Q

Legacy platform can have trusses as long as:

A

Solid wood
Nails all the way through

No EWP

60
Q

Though Legacy Platform does not use EWP, how does it differ?

A 
No longer using full dimensional lumber
Smooth lumber
Galvanized hangers
Plywood instead of T and G
Cross bracing gave way to plywood sheathing
61
Q

How is fire concern for Legacy different from Conventional platform?

A

More opens spaces by design, split levels
Soffits on the underside of eaves and staircases

Split levels allow vertical travel of fire

62
Q

Discuss Collapse concern for a legacy platform compared to a conventional

A

Higher surface to Mass ratio
Hangers fail sooner
Craftsman style trusses with solid wood

63
Q

Engineered Wood Platform-lightweight issues

A

Reduced dimensional lumber
Glue for connection points
Geometry in place of mass

64
Q

How long will Conventional/Legacy floors last in a fire?

Light weight construction?

A

15-20 minutes

5-7 minutes

65
Q

“Truss space is like horizontal Balloon frame” describes

A

Lightweight engineered wood platform construction

66
Q

House fire in Warwick, NJ

A

Lightweight construction and OSB sheathing

67
Q

What does tan or brown smoke mean at LW construction?

A

Degradation of mass has already begun

68
Q

What has had the greatest negative impact on structural integrity?

A

LW trusses

The Art Of Reading Buildings (9 decks)

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