CH 4

Question 1

Oscar Newman’s concepts of “defensible space” were addressed primarily to:

• architects and policymakers
• police officers
• neighborhood residents
• Jane Jacobs
• landlords

Answer 1

architects and policymakers

Question 2

“A model that inhibits crime by creating a physical expression of a social fabric which defends itself” defines:

• territoriality
• CPTED
• defensible space
• motivation reinforcement
• none of the above

Answer 2

defensible space

Question 3

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, as outlined by Newman, includes all but which of the following elements?

• natural surveillance
• image
• territoriality
• milieu
• all are elements of CPTED

Answer 3

all are elements of CPTED

Question 4

Enhancing the ability and desire of residents and legitimate users of an area to lay claim to the area is:

• milieu
• OTREP
• activity support
• territoriality
• none of the above

Answer 4

territoriality

Question 5

_________________ refers to things such as signs, landscaping, or other items that signal a change in ownership or area.

• image
• milieu
• symbolic territoriality
• surveillance
• none of the above

Answer 5

symbolic territoriality

Question 6

The __________ of the Association of Chief Police Offices emphasizes and promotes the inclusion of safety and security measures in new and existing buildings.

• Crime and Disorder Act
• Secured By Design program
• Alley Gating Act
• National CPTED Guidelines
• none of the above

Answer 6

Secured By Design program

Question 7

In Newman’s comparison of two housing complexes, he argued that high crime was related to all but which of the following?

• unmonitored entryways
• the sharing of entrances by a lot of close friends
• the inability to monitor outside activity
• unfamiliar users of the area
• all of these are related to high crime

Answer 7

the sharing of entrances by a lot of close friends

Question 8

Evaluations of street lighting on crime, particularly in the U.K., reveal:

• little or no impact
• a negative impact
• a positive impact
• positive impact for businesses, negative for housing
• none of the above

Answer 8

a positive impact

Question 9

Assessments of CCTV have generally shown:

• more crime in covered areas
• less crime mainly in public housing areas
• increased fear in covered areas
• many conflicting results
• none of the above

Answer 9

many conflicting results

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of Fisher and Nasar’s elements impacting surveillability?

• prospect
• lighting
• escape
• refuge
• all of the above are elements

Answer 10

lighting

Question 11

The type of street layout that is associated with the lowest levels of crime is:

• through-traffic streets
• L-type streets
• one-way streets
• dead-end or cul-de-sac
• none of the above

Answer 11

dead-end or cul-de-sac

Question 12

The evaluation of the North Asylum Hill environmental design project found all but which of the following?

• decline in fear
• increase in the use of the streets and parks by residents
• long-term decrease in crime
• reduced vehicular traffic
• all of the above were found

Answer 12

Long-term decrease in crime

Question 13

Merry’s participant-observation study of a housing project that appeared to incorporate the basic defensible space features advocated by Newman found:

• no effect of the physical features on crime
• no effect of the physical features on surveillance and a sense of community.
• the physical features were not necessarily good for crime prevention
• all of the above
• none of the above

Answer 13

all of the above

Question 14

The idea that CPTED needs to explicitly look beyond simple physical design and overtly incorporate social factors and activities in prevention is known as:

• neighborhood crime prevention
• secondary prevention
• second-generation CPTED
• formal surveillance
• none of the above

Answer 14

second-generation CPTED

Question 15

Third-Generation CPTED focuses on:

• Police-led community interaction
• Green sustainable community design
• Grass-roots intervention
• International victimization
• None of the above

Answer 15

Green sustainable community design

Question 16

Taylor’s research on disorder and incivility found that:

• only physical incivility makes a difference
• disorder and incivility are important only if residents perceive a problem
• disorder and incivility are the most important predictors of crime
• incivility has an impact only on resident’s fear
• none of the above

Answer 16

disorder and incivility are important only if residents perceive a problem

Question 17

The use of guards or employees for prevention is referred to as:

• natural surveillance
• informal surveillance
• formal surveillance
• mechanical surveillance
• none of the above

Answer 17

formal surveillance

Question 18

The ability to regulate who comes and goes from an area or building, with the intent of limiting access to legitimate users, is known as territoriality (TF)

Answer 18

false

Question 19

Real territoriality is engendered by walls, fences, gates, or other items that place a physical barrier in front of people. (TF)

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Activity support and motivation reinforcement are roughly the same thing (TF)

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Territoriality, access control, surveillance and other elements of CPTED are complementary and always serve to enhance one another (TF)

Answer 21

false

Question 22

A Type 3 effect in Rubenstein et al.’s model considers the impact of the physical design on a variety of intervening factors (TF)

Answer 22

false

Question 23

Refuge deals with the presence or absence of concealment, in which offenders could hide from potential victims (TF)

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Analysis of changes in the Union Avenue Corridor found little change in the level of crime or in the fear of crime (TF)

Answer 24

true

Question 25

The Reducing Burglary Initiative in the U.K. found that in the majority of communities the program had little impact relative to control areas (TF)

Answer 25

false