CH 4

Question 1

Three different kinds of data you can have?

Answer 1

Univariate= one variable
Bivariate= two variables
Multivariates= more than two variables

Question 2

3 questions to ask before starting a data analysis

Answer 2

1) What type of data do I have? (uni,bi,multi)
2) what types of variables do I have (nominal, ordinal, ratio, etc)
3) What is my research aim

Question 3

Frequency

Answer 3

The number of times that a particular value or score on our variable of interest was obtained within our sample
-F(r)=F

Question 4

Relative Frequency

Answer 4

the proportion of scores or values in our sample tat take on a particular value
-F(r)=F/N

Question 5

Percentage Frequency

Answer 5

The percentages of scores or values in our sample that take on a particular value
-F(r)= F/N x 100

Question 6

Cumulative frequency

Answer 6

The number of scores or values in our sample that take on a value at or below a given value

Question 7

Cumulative Relative frequency

Answer 7

the sum of the relative frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value

Question 8

Cumulative Relative Percentage

Answer 8

is another way of expressing frequency distribution. It calculates the percentage of the cumulative frequency within each interval, much as relative frequency distribution calculates the percentage of frequency.

Question 9

What are the terms for x axis? y axis

Answer 9

x axis- abscissa

y axis- ordinate

Question 10

Symmetry

Answer 10

refers to whether the right and left side of your data look the same- could you split it onto itself over the middle point? like a mirror image (empirical distributions are rarely if ever perf symmetrical)

Question 11

Skewness

Answer 11

describes the degree top which scores lean towards (or are piled up on) one end of a distribution

Question 12

Kurtosis

Answer 12

describes how “peaked” a distribution is (or how heavy the tails are). It describes how “lean” or “boxy” they are

Question 13

mesokurtic

Answer 13

‘normally’ distributed, peaks in middle, distributed evenly

Question 14

Leptokurtic

Answer 14

bulk of frequency in middle with weak tails

Question 15

Platykurtic

Answer 15

appears normally distributed but with high frequency (fat tails) at end scores.

Question 16

• Measures of location

- Measures of central tendency

Answer 16

summarize a data set into a single value at the aggregate level
-describes the location of the data
-measures of location that describe the typical or central value
some measures of location are also measures of central tendency

Question 17

Mean

Answer 17

sum of all values observed on a variable divided by the total number of values observed on that variable

Question 18

Median

Answer 18

denoting or relating to a value or quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution of observed values or quantities, such that there is an equal probability of falling above or below it

Question 19

Mode

Answer 19

most frequently occurring value on a variable.

• doesnt tell us anything about location of scores that aren’t at the mode
• not influenced by outliers

Question 20

Measures of dispersion

Answer 20

Deviation score -from mean (Xi- Xmean)
Sum of deviations, sum of (Xi-Xmean)
Average absolute deviation. sum of (Xi-Xmean)/N
Average squared deviation/variance= s^2= sum of (Xi-Xmean)^2/N
Standard deviation: s= square root of s^2