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Psych > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what goes on in the brain during a seizure?

A

it starts in one hemisphere then crosses the corpus callosum to the other hemisphere which begins a feedback loop, a firestorm in the brain

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2
Q

split brain procedure:

A

severs the corpus callosum to isolate each brain hemisphere

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3
Q

what did Sperry do?

A

did tests on split brain patients to study how the 2 brain hemispheres communicate

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4
Q

EEG (electroencephalograph) does what?

A

record electrical activity in brain

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5
Q

brain imagery has two approaches. what are they and what do they focus on?

A

1) structural: basic structure of the brain and abnormalities
2) functional: activity in the brain during different tasks

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6
Q

3 structural brain imagery methods:

A

1) computerized axial tomograpghy scan (CT scan)
2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
3) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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7
Q

CT scan:

A

x-ray photos taken fro many angles, detect different densities in brain to look for tumors, etc

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8
Q

MRI scan:

A

uses magnetic field to line up the nuclei of specific molecules in brain tissue, radio waves push these out of alignment, then snap back and release energy. Different molecules= different energy signatures. revels molecule compositions. better soft tissue pics than CT

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9
Q

DTI:

A

measures the rate and direction of white matter pathways (connects brain regions)

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10
Q

2 functional brain imagery methods:

A

1) position emission tomography (PET)

2) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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11
Q

PET:

A

harmless radioactive substance injected into bloodstream, high energy tasks = more bloodflow to brain therefore more radiation to parts of brain that are being used
-radiation detectors record level of radioactive in each region for diff. tasks

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12
Q

fMRI:

A

detects the difference in levels of O2 poor and O2 rich blood when exposed to magnetic pulses, more O2 rich blood in specific region = more energy being used there
-better than PET b/c no radiation involved

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13
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS):

A

activates and deactivates regions of the brain using a magnetic pulse which temporarily mimics damage.

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14
Q

difference between sensation and perception:

A

sensation: a simple stimulation of a sense organ (interaction with physical world)
perception: takes place after sensation, the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation to form a mental representation

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15
Q

transduction:

A

occurs when sensors in body convert physical signals from environment into encoded neural signals to CNS

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16
Q

vision & __
touch & __
hearing & __
taste/smell & __

A

light
pressure
vibrations
chemicals

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17
Q

psychophysics:

A

methods that measure the strength of a stimulus & the observers sensitivity to that stimulus

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18
Q

absolute threshold:

A

minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of trials

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19
Q

just noticeable difference (JND):

A

the minimal change in a stimulus that can barely be detected

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20
Q

Weber’s Law:

A

the JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion desprite variations in intensity

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21
Q

wavelength:

A

measured in nano-meters

-vision with light and sound frequencies (cycles per second)

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22
Q

the length of a wavelength tells us:

A

the hue, or what we perceive as colour

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23
Q

the amplitude of a wavelength tells us:

A

brightness

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24
Q

the purity tells us:

A

saturation or richness of colour

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25
Q

signal detection theory:

A

the response to a stimulus depends on both sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and a person’s response criterion (judgement)

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26
Q

4 responses in signal detection theory:

A

1) hit (light there, say yes)
2) correct rejection (no light, say no)
3) miss (light there, say no)
4) false alarm (no light, say yes)

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27
Q

sensory adaptation:

A

sensory to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to conditions

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28
Q

visual acuity:

A

the ability to see fine detail

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29
Q

what does the cornea do?

A

bends the light wave

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30
Q

what does the pupil do?

A

a black hole where light comes in, controlled by the iris

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31
Q

what does the lens do?

A

bend the light again, and focus it on the retina

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32
Q

light entering the eye path:

A

light->cornea->pupil->iris->retina

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33
Q

what is the retina?

A

light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball, images appear upside down and backward

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34
Q

lens is ___ for near objects, ___ for far ones

A

flat for far, round for near

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35
Q

accommodation:

A

process by which the ye maintains a clear image on the retina

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36
Q

nearsightedness is called:

how do images appear?

A

myopia, images are in front of the retina (long eye)

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37
Q

farsightedness is called:

how do images appear?

A

hyperopia, images appear behind retina (short eye)

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38
Q

2 types of photo-receptor cells:

A

rods and cones

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39
Q

cones:

A

detect colour and operate under normal day light

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40
Q

rods:

A

active under low light for night vision, more sensitive, only see shades of grey

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41
Q

where are the cones located?

A

densely packed in the fovea (clearest vision)

-approx. 6 million in each retina

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42
Q

where are the rods located?

A

surrounding the entire retina except in the fovea (explains why we have blurry peripheral vision)
-approx. 120 million in each eye

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43
Q

what do the bipolar nerves do in the eye?

A

collect neural signals from rods & cones then send them to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)

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44
Q

what do the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) do in the eye?

A

receive the info from the bipolar nerves, organize the signals then sent to the brain via the optic nerve

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45
Q

the optic nerve:

A

hole in the retina that creates the blind spot (since it has no rods or cones)
-made up of bundled RGCs

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46
Q

3 cone system “trichromatic system”:

A

3 types of cones working together:

1) shortest wavelength- bluish
2) medium wavelength- greenish (rods most sensitive to)
3) longest wavelength- reddish

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47
Q

colour deficiency (colour blindness):

A

when one, two or three types of cones are missing, sex linked

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48
Q

colour afterimage:

A

staring too long at one colour fatigues the cone that responds to that colour and activates the colour-opponent system

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49
Q

colour-opponent system:

A

pairs of visual neurons work in opposition:
red vs. green & blue vs. yellow
-when one cone tires out, you see its opponent more strongly

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50
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN):

A

optic nerve travels from each eye to this, then sends signal to area V1
-located in thalamus (thalamus receives sense input from all but smell)

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51
Q

area V1..

A

…contains the feature detectors that respond to specific orientations of edges

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52
Q

2 pathways (visual streams) from occipital lobe to other visual areas in brain:

A
  • ventral (below) stream

- dorsal (above) stream

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53
Q

ventral (below) stream:

A

“what” pathway

-represents the object’s shape & identity

54
Q

dorsal (above) stream:

A

“where” pathway

  • identifies the location and motion of an object
  • crucial for guiding movements (can be also “how” pathway)
55
Q

visual form agnosia:

A

the inability to recognize objects by sight

56
Q

damage to occipital lobe (bottom of brain):

A

inability to recognize by sight

57
Q

damage to parietal lobe (top of brain):

A

using vision to guide reaching and grasping movements made difficult

58
Q

binding problem:

A

how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features

59
Q

illusory conjunction:

A

a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined ex) seeing a blue X and a red A when the X is actually red, and A is blue

60
Q

feature-integration theory:

A

the idea that focused attention is NOT required to DETECT features that make up a stimulus, but is required to BIND those features together
-attention=glue

61
Q

2 views on how we recognize objects by sight:

A

1) modular view

2) distributed representation

62
Q

modular view:

A

specialized brain areas or “modules” detect/represent faces, houses, body parts

63
Q

distributed representation:

A

pattern of activity across multiple brain regions to identify objects and faces

64
Q

simplicity:

A
  • GPR

- the simplest or most likely explanation is usually the correct one

65
Q

closure:

A
  • GPR

- we tend to fill in missing elements from a visual scene , we see gaps but can recognize the object as a whole

66
Q

continuity:

A
  • GPR

- we tend to group together edges or contours that have the same orientation

67
Q

similarity:

A
  • GPR

- regions that are similar in colour, shape, texture, lightness tend to be viewed as belonging to same object

68
Q

proximity:

A
  • GPR

- objects close together are usually grouped together

69
Q

common fate:

A
  • GPR

- elements that move together are seen as one single moving objects

70
Q

edge assignment:

A

distinguishing boundaries between objects and their background

71
Q

image based recognition theory:

A

an object seen before can be saved as a template

72
Q

template:

A

mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image

73
Q

parts based object recognition theory:

A

the brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts called “geons”

74
Q

Broca’s area:

A

damage in small left frontal lobe

-cannot produce language but still understand

75
Q

Wernicke’s area:

A

damage in upper right frontal lobe

-cannot comprehend language but can produce speech

76
Q

feature detectors:

A

neurons in the primary visual cortex detect diff. properties of an object (angles, contrast, shape, colour, thickness, etc)

77
Q

to see white..

A

all visible wavelengths must be present

78
Q

3 types of depth cues that help with visual perception:

A

1) monocular
2) binocular
3) motion based

79
Q

monocular depth cue:

A

aspects of a scene that yield info about depth when viewed with only one eye
-relies on size and distance (relative size)

80
Q

binocular depth cue/disparity:

A

the difference in retinal images of two eyes

  • provides info about depth
  • eyes apart = different positional views = 3D
81
Q

6 monocular depth cues:

A

1) relative size
2) familiar size
3) linear perspective
4) texture gradient
5) interposition
6) relative height in image

82
Q

linear perspective:

A

parallel lines appear converge further they go in distance ex) train tracks

83
Q

texture gradient:

A

size of pattern recedes further away in distance

  • closer=bigger pattern
    ex) broken ground
84
Q

interposition:

A

when one blocks another, we assume blocker is closer

ex) basket of fruits

85
Q

relative height in image:

A

closer= lower vision field
further=higher vision field
ex) scenic pic of flowers and mountains

86
Q

a part of the dorsal stream called the MT is what?

A

specialized for visual perception of movement in temporal lobe

87
Q

waterfall illusion:

A

similar to colour-opponent process, staring to long at an object going one way will cause opponent to take, leaving you seeing its motion in opposite direction

88
Q

apparent motion/ Phi phenomenon:

A

the perception in movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession ex) flashing lights on Vegas signs make them appear as if they’re moving when they’re stationary

89
Q

change blindness:

A

failure to detect changes to a visual scene (change without motion)
ex) directions, who you’re giving directions to gets swapped for a diff person, you don’t notice

90
Q

inattentional blindness:

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
ex) texting & walking.. failure to notice uni cycling clown

91
Q

motion paralax:

A

when moving, closer objects move faster, further ones slower
ex) staring out window in car

92
Q

convergence:

A

closer the object = more your eyes have to focus

93
Q

stereoscopic vision:

A

the 3D perception that occurs as a result of both eyes working together to create depth perception

94
Q

sound frequency:

A

how often the ‘peak’ in air pressure passes the ear

  • creates pitch (how high or low a sound is)
  • hertz (Hz)
95
Q

sound amplitude:

A

refers to the sound intensity

  • creates loud or quiet sounds
  • decibels (dBs)
96
Q

sound complexity:

A

differences in complexity correspond to timbre (sound quality)

97
Q

low sound frequency =
low amplitude =
complex =
simple =

A

low frequency= low pitch
low amplitude= soft sound
complex= mix of frequencies
simple= pure tone

98
Q

frequency to pitch is..

A

wavelength to colour

99
Q

how many decibels is..
a normal conversation?
enough to cause damage?
the lowest we can hear?

A 
convo= 40dBs
damage= 85dBs
lowest= 0dBs
100
Q

in general, what does the outer ear do?

A

collect sound waves and funnels them into middle ear

101
Q

in general, what does the middle ear do?

A

transmits vibrations into inner ear

102
Q

in general, what does the inner ear do?

A

translates vibrations into neural impulses

103
Q

humans are most sensitive to what range of frequency?

A

1000-4000hZ

104
Q

the outer ear consists of 3 things:

A
  • the Pinna
  • the auditory canal
  • eardrum
105
Q

the pinna (OE):

A
  • the visible part attached to head
  • all the flaps, swirls
  • determines height/direction of sound
106
Q

the auditory canal (OE) :

A

carries sound to vibrate eardrum

107
Q

the ear drum (OE):

A

flap of skin that vibrates in response to sound waves

108
Q

the middle ear consists of 1 thing with 3 parts:

A

ossicles (smallest bones in body)

1) hammer (malieus)
2) anvil (incus)
3) stirrup (stapes)

109
Q

what do the ossicles do (ME)?

A

together, they form a lever that transmits and intensifies vibrations from ear drum to inner ear

110
Q

the inNer ear contains:

A

cochlea

111
Q

the cochea (IE):

A

a fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction

112
Q

what does the basilar membrane do (IE)?

A

moves like a wave when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
-this then stimulates hair cells which release neurotransmitters to brain

113
Q

path sound takes to the brain (8 steps)

A

sound–> pinna–> auditory canal–> eardrum–> ossicles-> semicircular canals (Vestibular system)–> cochlea–> auditory nerve to brain

114
Q

area V1 in the temporal lobe contains..

A

the primary auditory cortex which responds well to simple tones

115
Q

in sound, the left side of our brain analyzes ____ while the right side analyzes ____

A 
left= language
right= rhythm, music
116
Q

2 ways our ears encode sound waves into neural signals?

A

1) place code for high frequencies

2) temporal code for low frequencies

117
Q

place code:

A
  • high frequencies
  • different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane (looks like tongue)
  • high frequency at base (skinny part) 8000
  • low frequency as apex (wide part) 500
118
Q

temporal code:

A
  • low frequencies

- registers frequencies up to 5000 via the firing rate of action potentials entering auditory nerve

119
Q

2 types of hearing loss:

A

1) conductive (damage to eardrum/ossicles, can be simplily fixed)
2) sensorineural (damage to cochlea and beyond, natural over time, possible cochlea implant to replace hair cells)

120
Q

somatosenses:

A

body senses

121
Q

haptic perception:

A

exploring environment by touching and grasping objects in our hands

122
Q

3 principles of touch to remember:

A

1) left half of body is represented in right side of brain
2) greater skin spatial resolution = more brain devoted to it (lips, fingertips)
3) touch has “what” and “where” pathways too in parietal lobe

123
Q

“what”=

A

info about properties of a surface & objects

124
Q

“where”=

A

info about location in external space the object is or body part being stimulated

125
Q

A-delta fibers vs. C fibers:

A 
A= transmit initial sharp pain
C= long lasting, duller pains
126
Q

pain goes to 2 places..

A

the somatosensory cortex to identify what & where
AND
the motivational & emotional parts of brain

127
Q

referred pain:

A

feeling of pain when sensory info from external and internal areas meet at same nerves on spine
ex) feeling pain left arm instead of chest during heart attack

128
Q

gate-control theory of pain:

A

signals coming from pain receptors in body can be stopped or ‘gated’ by inter-neurons in the spinal cord via 2 different feedbacks
ex) rubbing stub toe will block pain sensation from reaching brain

129
Q

2 aspects of gate-control theory:

bottom up control vs top down control:

A

bottom up: brain only processes what we choose

top-down: brain influences experience of pain

130
Q

vestibular system:

A

the 3 fluid filed semicircular canals in each ear

  • fluid movement detected by hairs that generate activity to brain to keep us balanced
  • vision also keeps us balanced

Psych (3 decks)

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