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Life 102 > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are most cells relatively small?

A

It is easier for diffusion of wastes out of the cells to occur
It is easier for diffusion of nutrients into the cells to occur

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2
Q

Who was the natural philosopher that studied cork cells under a compound microscope in 1665?

A

Robert hook

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3
Q

______ extended Schleiden’s hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells (name of scientist)

A

Theodor schwaan

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4
Q

Cell theory (parts of it)

A

All organisms are c’omposed of one or more cells and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells

Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms

New cells arise only by division of preexisting cells

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5
Q

The variable that affect the rate of diffusion through the plasma membrane

A

Surface area, temperature, distance of diffusion, concentration gradient of substance

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6
Q

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to…

A

The diffusion of substances into and out of cells

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7
Q

What is the relationship between a cells surface area and its volume

A

The smaller the cell the larger its surface area -to-volume ratio is

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8
Q

Who created the cell theory

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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9
Q

Main points of the cell theory

A

Cells are the smallest living things

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell

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10
Q

Why are most of the cells in the human body flat and shaped like a thin plate?

A

This allows rapid diffusion of materials in and out of the cells

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11
Q

The limitation for the human eye is how many micrometers?

A

100

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12
Q

Schleiden

A

Speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells

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13
Q

compound light microscope purpose

A

To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components

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14
Q

Adaptations that allow some animal cells to be much larger

A

Some cells can have more than one nucleus very thin
Some cells are very long but very thin

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15
Q

The ability to observe two adjacent objects from one another

A

Resolution

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16
Q

Why do electron microscopes have better resolving power than light microscopes

A

Electrons have shorter wavelengths than light

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17
Q

Phase contrast

A

Light waves are brought out of phase and recombine to produce contrast and brightness

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18
Q

Bright field

A

Light is transmitted through a specimen which usually weeds to be stained to improve contrast

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19
Q

Differential interference contrast

A

Polarized light is split into two beams that combine to produce good contrast at the dyes of structures

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20
Q

Confocal

A

Light for the laser is focused on and scanned across a stained specimen in two directions to produce a 3D image

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21
Q

Dark field

A

The condenser lens transmits only light reflected off the specimens

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22
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

Electrons are scanned across the surface of a specimen

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23
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

Electrons are passed through a specimen

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24
Q

What features do all cells have incommon

A

A nucleoid or nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane

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25
Q

What contains genetic material in a nucleoid region

A

Prokaryotes

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26
Q

The cytoplasm of eukaryotes contain various organelles which are suspended in a fluid known As..,

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Describe an organelle

A

A membrane-bound component with its own unique structure and function

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28
Q

What region of the cell is contained within the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

A semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell and includes the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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30
Q

What macromolecule in the plasma membrane transports essential nutrients and ions into the cell and export substances out of the cell

A

Proteins

31
Q

What are prokaryotes encased in

A

A rigid cell wall

32
Q

FtsZ

A

Tabulin-like proteins in prokaryotes

33
Q

MreB

A

Actin-like proteins in prokaryotes

34
Q

Proteins that induce a charge in a cell when they come in contact with specific molecules in the environment or with molecules on the surface of neighboring cells

A

Receptor

35
Q

How can a cyanobacterium form the same type of photosynthesis that is performed by a chloroplast?

A

Because the photosynthetic enzymes are located in the plasma membrane

36
Q

Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of ____________ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan or Muriel

37
Q

What helps the bacterium of an organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water

A

Cell wall

38
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Carbohydrates matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

39
Q

What are the functions of a bacterial cell wall

A

Maintain cell shape, prevent excessive uptake of water, prevent loss of water

40
Q

When certain bacteria are exposed to penicillin, which structure is compromised

A

Cell wall

41
Q

Describe the environments inhabited by archaea

A

Archaea can be found in any type of environment

42
Q

What do some bacteria produce to aid in attachment and prevents destruction by the host immune system

A

Capsule, or bacterial capsule

43
Q

What do archaea cells lack?

A

Peptidoglycan

44
Q

What does archaea appear to be closely related to

A

Eukaryotes

45
Q

Where were archaea originally discovered

A

In many extreme emirorments such as hot springs acid pools very saline waters

46
Q

In many archaean cells, the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids are linked to glycerol on both ends as aresult, their membranes are actually:

A

Monolayers

47
Q

Flagella

A

Long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface ot prokaryotic cells that are used for locomotion
They may one or more per bacterial cell

48
Q

How are the flagella of bacteria powered

A

By a gradient of protons

49
Q

What do flagella provide?

A

Motility

50
Q

The internal scaffolding of eukaryotic cells is termed…

A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell made up of?

A

Proteins

52
Q

What is the hallmark for eulcaryotic cells?

A

Compartmentalization

53
Q

What type of cells are resides found in

A

Plant and animal

54
Q

Which organisms are composed of cellulose andhitin?

A

Fungi, plants, and protists

55
Q

Eukaryotic cells have an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the interior of the cell by numerous organelles: this allows eukaryotic cells to _______ their bacterial reactions

A

Compartmentalism or separate

56
Q

The name of the cell walls of plants composed of carbohydrate polymers

A

Cellulose

57
Q

A cell the might contains plasmodesmata

A

Plant cell

58
Q

What are the components of a nuclear pore?

A

A set of 8 fibers on the cytoplasmic face, a basket -like structure on the nuclear face, a central framework

59
Q

The nuclear lamina covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and is made of a network Iof fibers called the nuclear

A

Lamins

60
Q

The comments of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

‘a phospholipid belayer with associated proteins, a lumen

61
Q

On the nuclear surface, a nuclear pore has a complex structure that forms a basket beneath a central _______

A

Ring

62
Q

What type of RNA carries amino acids

A

Transfer

63
Q

Where can fully assembled ribosomes be found in the cell

A

Cutosol, endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

Which type of RNA carries information for the synthesis of a protein that was copied from DNA?

A

Messenger

65
Q

The rough endoplasmicreticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for what locations?

A

Vacuoles, plasma membrane, lysosomes

66
Q

What is the positioning of the smooth Er related to the rough Er

A

His continuous with it

67
Q

What organs have extensive smooth Er

A

Testes, liver, intestine,, Brain

68
Q

What are the functions of the rough Er

A

Glycoprotein synthesis, protein synthesis, protein sorting

69
Q

Structures made of a core of neutral lipids, surrounded by a lipid monolayer

A

Lipid droplets

70
Q

The functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Storage of calcium, assembly of membrane lipids and steroid synthesis

71
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifying and packaging proteins, collecting molecules to be transported through the cell, packaging molecules into transport vesicles

72
Q

Function of lysosome

A

Breakdown macromolecules, digestion of substances, recycling of building blocks to make new macromolecules

73
Q

Ph range of lysosomes

A

Acidic

74
Q

What can lysosomes breakdown?

A

Proteins, lipids, nuclei acids, and carbohydrates

Life 102 (1 decks)

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