Ch. 35 Neurological Fxn Flashcards

Question

Brainstem: Pons | What cranial nerves live here?

Answer 1

relays impulses between the brain and spinal cord 5- trigeminal 6 - abducens 7- facial 8 - acoustic

Answer 2

Contains nerve pathway between cerebrum and medulla 3 - oculomotor 4 - trochlear both control eye movement

Answer 3

coordination, fine motor, balance, and equilibrium, speech, senses, and emotion

Answer 4

carries information to and from the brain and the rest of the body through the spinal nerves of the PNS

Answer 5

Carry motor information down a common pathway and terminate on a lower motor neuron in the spinal cord

Answer 6

Carry information directly to the muscle

Answer 7

encases and protects the brain from injury and is made up of 8 cranial bones

Answer 8

Protects and covers the spinal cord

Answer 9

Barrier on brain and spinal cord -Through meningeal layer of the dura layer helps CSF reabsorption

Answer 10

Prevents passage of harmful substances to the brain (antibodies, toxins, or macrophages) -Tight junctions require substances to pass through the cell rather than in between b/c the cells are more selective of what they allow through

Answer 11

Spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system Contain sensory and more nerves

Answer 12

Sensory - transport signals from organs and cells in the body to the CNS Motor- transport signals back to the target organs both divided into somatic and visceral

Answer 13

Sensory - transmits signals from the receptors in the muscles, bones, joints, and skin Motor - transports signals back to the skeletal muscles to produce a contraction

Answer 14

Sensory - transmits signals from the heart, lungs, GI tract, and bladder Motor - transports signals back to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands at an unconscious level

Answer 15

Transmits information to and from the spinal cord and receptors throughout the body -Mixed nerves (have sensory or motor nerves)

Answer 16

12 CN, some are sensory or motor or both, arise in the brain and travel down spinal cord

Answer 17

Change in LOC | -Orientation to person, place, and time

Answer 18

``` conscious confused lethargic stuporous obtunded comatose ```

Answer 19

Glascow Coma Scale - Eye opening - Best motor response - Verbal response Best- 15 <8 = neurological issues

Answer 20

the command needs to be clear and definitive such as: - Hold two fingers up with your left hand - Wiggle your toes on your right foot Avoid: "squeeze my fingers" b/c grasps may be reflexive

Answer 21

Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) -tool that assesses for patient's orientation, attention, calculation, memory, and language abilities -Score below 20 = cognitive impairment

Answer 22

identifying neurological impairment due to disease or trauma to the brain

Answer 23

Performed to inspect and assess muscle mass and tone as well as strength and equality between the left and right and to note abnormalities * Grasps and squeeze hand bilaterally * Pull and push away from me * step on gas * toes to nose

Answer 24

to determine if the patient can feel or identify specific sensations such as temp, vibration, superficial or deep pain * pt asked to close eyes when performing * compares findings right to left and proximal to distal * important when performing a spinal cord assessment

Answer 25

balance, gait, coordination, and posture

Answer 26

performed to assess balance - Stand with feet together, arms at side, eyes open (if they can stay without swaying then close eyes) - If they sway with eyes open = positive rombergs test

Answer 27

- walking - getting up from chair - reach for objects - Run the heel of foot down other legs

Answer 28

- pt should be able to stand and walk erect with steady gait | - assess for length of stride, arm movement, base of gait, and ability to turn steadily

Answer 29

involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli that provide the body with protection and help adjust to the changing environment

Answer 30

- also called planter reflex - takes sharp object and stimulates outside the sole of the foot ``` - = toes curl downward + = toes curl up ```

Answer 31

- = normal response in adult + = upper motor neuron lesion = damage to corticospinal tract of the spinal cord (happens with MS and TBI) **Want a + in infants

Answer 32

Brain and brainstem

Answer 33

sum of the volumes of the brain (brain tissue, CSF, anf blood) is constant. A change or increase in one should cause a compensatory decrease in one or both of the other two.

Answer 34

Increased ICP

Answer 35

Normal = 0 - 15 mm Hg Increased = 20 mm Hg for more than 20 minutes

Answer 36

- changes in LOC - vomiting - headaches - seizures

Answer 37

Cushings triad - elevated BP with widening pulse pressure - bradycardia - irregular respirations

Answer 38

CT - shows cuts and slices that allow brain, spine, and orbits to be seen; assess for bleeding, edema, or masses; done before MRI PET - detects areas of increased metabolic activity (cancer or acute infections) MRI - offers clear visualization and detail of small structures; assess for injuries of the brain and spinal column, as well as diagnose tumors, infections, and bleeding MRA - shows presence of clots, aneurysms, dissections, or vessel stenosis

Answer 39

CA - test for cerebral and ocular vessel occlusion, carotid disease, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations; invasive b/c dye inserted into femoral artery CTA - evaluate cerebral vasculature (Dye injected into vein) E - for seizure activity EP - noninvasive; measures speed and size of neuron conduction in response to stimuli LP - obtain sample of CSF for analysis and to measure intracranial pressure; lie flat for 4-6 hours M - invasive; lumbar puncture and injection of contrast to evaluate for lesions, cysts, injury, herniated discs, and masses/tumors B- invasive; done to rule out or identify infections or abscesses or or identify tumor tissue

Answer 40

Can cause changes in mental status