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Biology > Ch. 33 Protostomes > Flashcards

Ch. 33 Protostomes Flashcards

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0
Q

Spiralia

A
  • embryos develop using spiral cleavage
  • most live in water
  • move using cilia or contractions of the body musculature
  • has two clades platoons and lophotrochozoans
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1
Q

All Protostomes belong to which two clades

A

Spiralia or Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

Spiralia has which two clades?

A

Platyzoans and lophotrochozoans

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3
Q

Platyzoans

A
  • most prominent group is the flatworms
  • simple bodies with no circulatory or respiratory systems,but complex reproductive system
  • includes marine and freshwater planarians and parasitic flukes and tapeworms
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4
Q

What two characteristics define Lophotrochozoa?

A
  • Trochophore:a free living larva

- Lophophore: a horseshoe shaped crown of ciliated tentacles surrounds the mouth used in filter feeding

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5
Q

Ecdysozoa

A
  • contains animals that molt called an exoskeleton which is a hard external skeleton
  • two large groups: Arthropods and nematodes
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6
Q

What phylum are Platyzoans?

A

Platyhelminthes

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7
Q

Flatworms

A
  • are ciliated, soft bodied animal
  • bodies are solid aside from an incomplete digestive cavity
  • many species are parasitic
  • others are free living: marine, freshwater or moist terrestrial
  • only one opening to digestive cavity
  • lack circulatory system
  • have and excretory and osmoregulatory system
  • simple nervous system
  • are hermaphroditic
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8
Q

What are the two major groups of flatworms

A
  • free living Turbellaria (common in biology labs)

- parasitic

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9
Q

What are the two types of parasitic flatworms?

A
  • Trematoda-flukes: attach in body host by suckers, life cycle may have 2 or more hosts
  • Cestoda (cerocomeromorpha) tapeworms, adults hang onto inner wall of hosts intestine using scolex
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10
Q

What phylum are Lyphotrochozoans?

A

Mollusca

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11
Q

Mollusca

A
  • second in diversity only to Arthropods
  • include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses and others
  • some have shells some don’t
  • evolved in ocean and most have remained there
  • important source of human food
  • other: pearls and pests (zebra mussels- dreissena polymorpha)
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12
Q

Name Mollusk body plan

A 
Mantle 
Foot
Internal organs 
Shell
Radula
Nitrogenous waste removal
Circulatory system
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13
Q

In mollusk the mantle?

A
  • Thick epidermal sheet

- secrete shell (if there is one)

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14
Q

In the mollusk the foot?

A
  • primary means of locomotion

- divided into arms or tentacles in Cephalopods

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15
Q

In mollusk the internal organs?

A
  • coelom is highly reduced (mantle cavity)
  • digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are concentrated in a visceral mass
  • gills in aquatic mollusks: also filter food in most bivalves
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16
Q

In mollusks the shell?

A
  • protects against predators and adverse environments

- secreted by the outer surface of mantle

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17
Q

In mollusks the radula?

A

-characteristic of most mollusks
-rasping, tongue-like structure used in feeding
-used to scrape up algae
In predatory Gastropods, modified to drill through clam
-in the conus snail modified into harpoon with venom gland

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18
Q

In mollusk the what removes nitrogenous waste?

A

Nephridia

19
Q

In mollusk the circulatory system?

A
  • is open: hemp lymph sloshes around hemocoel and has 3 chambered heart
  • Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system
20
Q

Mollusk reproduction

A

-most mollusk are gonochoric (have two separate sexes)
-most engage in external fertilization (free swimming larval stage)
-veliger (second free swimming larval stage)
(Only in bivalves and most marine snails)
-both form drift widely in ocean

21
Q

Name the Classes of mollusks

A

Polyplacophora-chitons
Gastropods-limpets, snails, slugs
Bivalves-clams, oysters, scallops
Cephalopods- squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus

22
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A

Chitons

  • marine mollusks that have oval bodies
  • 8overlapping dorsal calcareous plates
  • most chitons are grazing herbivores
23
Q

Class Gastropoda

A
  • limpets, snails, slugs
  • primarily marine group- some fresh water and only terrestrial mollusks
  • most have single shell, some lost
  • heads typically have pairs of tentacles with eyes
24
Q

Class Gastropoda: Nudibranchs

A

Marine snails that lack a shell

  • exposed gills
  • many secrete distasteful chemicals
  • some extract nematocysts from cnidarian prey and transfer them to their body surface
25
Q

Class Bivalvia

A
  • clams, scallops, mussels, oysters and other
  • most marine some fresh water
  • no radula or distinct head
  • have 2 shells (valves) hinged together
  • adductor muscles counter hinge ligament
  • water enters through inhalant siphon and exits through exhalant siphon
26
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A
  • more than 600 strictly marine species
  • active marine predator
  • only mollusks with closed circulatory system
  • foot have evolved into a series of arms equipped with suction cups (beak-like jaw, toxic saliva)
  • largest brain size among invertebrates
  • highly developed nervous system
  • living Cephalopoda lack external shell
  • jet propulsion using siphon
  • ink can be ejected from siphon
  • Chromatophores allow for changing skin color for camouflage or communication
27
Q

Lophotrochozoans-Nemertea

A
  • ribbonworms
  • about 900 species of cylindrical to flattened very long worms
  • most marine
  • body resembles flatworm
  • complete gut
  • rhynchocoel: fluid filled coelomic cavity
28
Q

Lophotrochozoans phylum Annelida

A
  • segmented worms
  • body built of repeated units
  • allow for specialization
  • may not be monophyletic
29
Q

Describe Annelida body plan

A
  • head well developed cerebral ganglion
  • sensory organs in ring like segments
  • many have eyes
  • segments divided internally by septa (each segment has organs, ganglion, locomotory structure)
  • closed circulatory
  • ventral nerve cord
30
Q

In Annelida the digestive track is?

A

Specialized for different functions

31
Q

Describe locomotion in Annelida

A
  • coelomic fluid creates a hydrostatic skeleton
  • alternating muscle contractions allow complex movements
  • chaetae: bristles of chitin found in most groups
32
Q

Annelida has what kind of circulatory system and diffusions occurs how?

A
  • closed

- gas exchange by diffusion across body surfaces

33
Q

In Annelida the excretory system?

A

Nephritis is similar to mollusks

34
Q

How many species occur of Annelida occur in many habitats?

A

12,000

35
Q

Name the two class of Annelida

A
  • class Polychaeta: monophyly not well established

- class clitella: oligochaeta and hirudinea

36
Q

Describe class Polychaeta

A
  • clamworms, scale worms, sea mice and tube worms
  • have paired parapodia on most segments (locomotion/gas exchange) and chaetae or parapodia
  • most gonochoric (external fertilization and trochophore larva)
37
Q

Class Polychaeta deep sea worn

A

Riftia
-adults gutless
-sulfur oxidizing bacteria synthesize organic compounds used by worm
Found near hydrothermal vents

38
Q

Describe class clitellata

A
  • clitellum found in all members

- earthworms and leeches

39
Q

Describe earthworms

A
  • head not well differentiated
  • no parapodia
  • few chaetae project from body
  • hermaphroditic but cross fertilize
  • clitellum secretes mucus cocoon
40
Q

Describe leeches

A
  • hirudinea
  • mostly occur in fresh water
  • usually flattened dorsoventrally
  • hermaphroditic and cross fertilize
  • sucked at both ends of body
  • no chaetae (except one species)
  • some eat detritus other suck blood
41
Q

What are lophophorates?

A

Two phyla of mostly marine animals

  • Bryozoa and Branchiopoda
  • both characterized by lophophore
42
Q

Characteristics of lophophore

A
  • circular shape or u-shaped ridge around mouth with 1-2 rows of ciliated tentacles
  • functions in gas exchange and feeding
  • maybe convergent evolution
  • phylogeny a puzzle
43
Q

Phylum Bryozoa

A
  • called Ectoprocta or “moss animals”
  • bryozoans are small and live in colonies
  • secrete a tiny choirboys chamber
  • asexual reproduction occurs by budding
44
Q

Phylum braciopoda

A

Brachiopods or lamp shells

  • have two calcified shells dorsal and ventral not lateral as in bivalves
  • lophophore lies in body between shells

Biology (1 decks)

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