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Pathophysiology > Ch. 33 > Flashcards

Ch. 33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is glucose in our blood anabolized into for storage?

A

glycogen

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2
Q

What are amino acids anabolized into for storage?

A

proteins

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3
Q

What are free fatty acids and glycerol anabolized into for storage?

A

triglycerides

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4
Q

What are the by-products of the metabolism of amino acids?

A

ketoacids and ammonia

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5
Q

What does catabolism do to our blood sugar usually?

A

raises it.

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6
Q

What does anabolism usually do to our blood sugar?

A

lowers it.

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7
Q

Ammonia is toxic to our body, so what does the liver have to convert it to?

A

urea

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8
Q

What can the liver convert free fatty acids and amino acids into?

A

ketones

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9
Q

What has to be present for glucose to be used for energy?

A

O2

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10
Q

What are the waste products when glucose are oxygen are used for aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2 and H2O

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11
Q

What happens with the glucose that is not used for energy?

A

it is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen or converted to fat.

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12
Q

Where are our glycogen stores?

A

the liver and muscle

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13
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen is broken down into glucose and released into the blood stream

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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

This is the process of the liver synthesizing glucose.

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15
Q

What is the only thing that our brain can use glucose for, and why is that important to know?

A

glucose

it is important because our brain cant store glucose, so it relies on other parts of the body to have glucose available in the blood stream

It also explains why there are a lot of neuro symptoms when it comes to low blood sugar

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16
Q

Why is aerobic metabolism most ideal?

A

It gives us the most ATP

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17
Q

What are some other fuel sources other than glucose?

A

fatty acids and ketones

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18
Q

What is our most efficient form of fuel STORAGE?

A

Fat

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19
Q

If you have a triglyceride and you add lipase (enzyme) what do you get?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

What is the by-product when fatty acids are used for energy?

A

ketones

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21
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids

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22
Q

What are proteins essential for?

A

formation of all body structures (enzymes, hormones, muscles, ect..)

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23
Q

What happens to excess amino acids?

A

they get converted to fatty acids, ketones, or glucose (gluconeogenesis)

24
Q

What are ketones?

A

an organic acid

25
Q

What happens when our BG is low andour metabolic needs are high?

A

The liver will break down proteins to use amino acids as part of glucneogenesis to make more glucose (sometimes this is preferred to breaking down our fat)

26
Q

What are the different cells of the islets of langerhans?

A

CELLS OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTION:

alpha cells

beta cells

delta cells

PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide)

27
Q

What do the cells of the pancreatic acini do?

A

perform exocrine functions

28
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

release glucagon (raises blood sugar)

29
Q

What do beta cells do?

A

make insulin and amylin

insulin - makes cells take up glucose from blood (lowers blood sugar)

30
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

make somatostatin

31
Q

What do pancreatic polypeptide cells do?

A

make pancreatic polypeptide

32
Q

What does amylin do?

A

This is co-secreted with insulin from beta cells

it inhibits gastric emptying and glucagon secretion

BASICALLY TELLS THE BODY THAT WE NEED TO NOT USE OUR GLYCOGEN STORES FOR ENERGY AND LET THE FOOD THAT WE ARE EATING BE OUR ENERGY SOURCE

33
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

this is secreted from the delta cells

has a very short half life

inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin

decreases GI activity after ingestion of food, allows for more absorption

34
Q

What does gut derived hormone do?

A

increases insulin secretion after a high carb meal.

35
Q

What is insulin release regulated by?

A

blood glucose levels

36
Q

What are the actions of insulin

A

promotes glucose uptake by target cells and provides for glucose storage as glycogen

prevents fat and glycogen breakdown

inhibits gluconeogenesis and increases protein synthesis

37
Q

What is the feedback loop for high blood sugar?

A

high blood glucose leads to a deacrease in glucagon secretions and an increase in insulin release

the insulin increase causes a removal of glucose from our blood to our tissues

the glucagon decrease results in a decrease of glucose production in our liver

this in turn lowers our blood sugar\

After our BG is lowered the insulin secretion will stop and glucagon and gluconeogenesis will pick back up again, raising our blood sugar

38
Q

What does insulin communicate to the liver?

A

increase glycogen synthesis

increase triglyceride synthesis

decrease glucose production

39
Q

What does insulin communicate to the skeletal muscle?

A

increase glucose uptake

increase glycogen storage

increase protein synthesis

40
Q

What does insulin communicate to adipose tissue?

A

increase glucose uptake

increase triglyceride synthesis

Decrease lipolysis

41
Q

How is glucose transported into the cell by insulin?

A
  1. the insulin bind to an insulin binding site of the cell
  2. this activates a secondary messenger inside the cell that sends a GLUT (glucose transporter) transporter to the cell membrane that gets the glucose into the cell
  3. the secondary messenger also activate the synthesis of glycogen, fats, proteins, as well as growth and gene expression
42
Q

Are GLUT transporters membrane bound?

A

NO, they are inside the cell and are only activated and brought to the cell membrane when insulin binds to an insulin binding site.

43
Q

Where does glucose come from?

A

diet

liver

44
Q

Is insulin the only hormone that lowers glucose levels?

A

YES

45
Q

Is there only one hormone that raises blood glucose levels?

A

NO

46
Q

When does glucagon maintain our blood glucose mainly?

A

between meals and during periods of fasting

47
Q

What does glucagon initiate in the liver?

A

glycogenolysis (quick increase of glucose)

gluconeogenesis (build new glucose from amino acids, sometimes means we have to break down proteins in body for those amino acids)

48
Q

How is glucagon release regulated?

A

blood glucose levels

49
Q

What can high levels of glucagon also activate?

A

adipose cells to use lipases to break down fats into free fatty acids to be used as energy

THIS WILL CAUSE AN INCREASE IN KETONES

50
Q

What do we secrete after a high protein meal?

A

glucagon so our liver can use the amino acids for gluconeogenesis

51
Q

What does our body secrete during exercise?

A

Glucagon is released

52
Q

What does exercise promote in relation to our insulin receptors?

A

it promotes them to work better to get that glucose into the muscle cells to use for energy, which can cause our BG to drop after exercise

53
Q

What are the counterregulatory hormones that act on insulin?

A

epinephrine

GH (growth hormone)

Glucocorticoid hormone

54
Q

How does epinephrine counterregulate?

A

it maintains our BG during times of stress

Promotes glycogenolysis in the liver

inhibits insulin secretion by beta cells

Can have a lipolytic effect (break down fats for energy)

55
Q

How does GH (growth hormone) counterregulate?

A

increases protein synthesis

mobilizes fatty acids

antagonizes effects of insulin

56
Q

How do glucocorticoid hormones coutnerregulate?

A

stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver

57
Q

What do we believe about GH and blood glucose regulation in children?

A

We believe that the reason that children with diabetes have more trouble keeping their sugars under control than adults with diabetes because their body utilizes GH in different ways than adults.

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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