CH 302 Midterm

Question 1

Transubstantiation

Answer 1

The changing of the bread and wine into the body of Christ. The debate over this sacrament was fierce for years. Ultimately was the reason for the fall out between Luther and Zwingli at the Colloquy of Marburg

Question 2

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 2

Swiss reformer. Studied at U of Vienna and Basel. Became the people’s priest of Zurich. Took stances on unrequired fasting during Lent, marriage for clergy, and use of images in places of worship.

Question 3

Complutensian Polygot.

Answer 3

First multilingual copy of the entire Bible. Financed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros. Is a 6 volume set; NT was finished before the OT.

Question 4

Huguenots

Answer 4

Huguenots were French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The Huguenots are believed to have been concentrated among the population in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France.

Question 5

Diet of Worms

Answer 5

A meeting (diet) of the Holy Roman Catholic church in Worms, Germany in 1521. Luther makes appearance due to charges of heresy (Gives his “Here I Stand” speech). Pope Leo X condemned Luther’s 95 theses, and Luther burned the papal bull he received. After a few days of questioning and debating, Luther refused to recant, and was excommunicated, banned, and made an enemy of the state

Question 6

John Knox

Answer 6

Scottish theologian, reformer, and preacher. Founder of the Presbyterian church of Scotland. Exiled to England, rose through the ranks and became chaplain to Edward the VI. Responsible for major changes to the book of common prayer.

Question 7

Mary Tudor

Answer 7

Known as “Bloody Mary” by her protestant opposition, and Mary I. She is best known for reversing the English reformation with began during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. She received the nick name “Bloody Mary” because of the MANY protestants she had killed.

Question 8

Catherine de Medici

Answer 8

Italian noblewoman and consort queen of France. Arranged marriage by her uncle (Pope Clement VII) to Henry II

Question 9

Council of Trent

Answer 9

The 19th eccumenical council of the Catholic church. Held in Trent (Trento), in northern Italy. This council lasted about 8 years and consisted mostly of the church refuting doctrine and defining heresies by the protestant church. The other objective by the council was to launch a reformation in discipline and administration by the church. Overseen by 3 popes and the work done at the council was carried on by even more.

Question 10

Schleitheim Confession

Answer 10

A comprehensive statement of beliefs of the Anabaptists written in 1527 in Schleitheim, Switzerland. The author was Michael Sattler. The confession consisted of 7 articles that were born out of a time of persecution: Baptism, the Ban, Breaking of Bread, Separation from Evil, Pastors in the Church, the Sword, and the Oath.

Question 11

Mary Queen of Scotts

Answer 11

Also known as Mary I of Scotland. Acceded to the throne at 6 days of age. Eventually married Francis II. After his death, returned to Scotland and advocated for Catholic practices. Was at odds with Scotish reformer John Knox. Attempted to lay claim to the throne of England. Was forced to abdicate the throne of Scotland. Accused of multiple conspiracy theories, conviction of one eventually led to her death.

Question 12

Michael Servetus

Answer 12

A spanish theologian/scientist. Was the first european to describe pulmonary circulation. Held to numerous questionable theological positions; namely he was anti-trinity and anti-church and state (post constantine). He escaped french Catholic Inquisition to Geneva, Switzerland where he was caught and burned at the stake.

Question 13

Consistory

Answer 13

In the church of England, a court presided over by a bishop, for the administration of ecclesiastical law in a diocese. In the Catholic church, a council of cardinals with or without the pope. A form of church government of sorts. In Geneva, it consisted of 5 church pastors and 12 lay “elders”. They oversaw and implemented Calvin’s Ecclesiasctical Ordinances. Even though lay elders held the majority, the council typically just did whatever Calvin wanted as noone wanted to question his authority.

Question 14

Francis Xavier

Answer 14

Considered the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of all time. Was crucial in establishing Christianity in Asia. Was one of the first seven members of the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits under the leadership of Ignatius. Born and raised in Spain and in 1525 made his way to the University of Paris to begin his theological studies.

Question 15

Indulgence

Answer 15

An issue or pardon from the pope or church officials to remove or lessen the punishment for sins. Indulgences were sold and was a way for the church to make a profit. This is what prompted Luther to write his Ninety Five Theses. Pope Leo X authorized a sale of indulgences in Germany that had political and economic ambitions tied to it. Leo had hoped that the sale of Indulgences would finance the church and building repairs after The Great Schism.

Question 16

Charles V

Answer 16

Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria, King of Spain, and Lord of the Netherlands. Oversaw the War of Schmalkalden and fought against Protestantism. He tried to institute the Augsburg Interim and the adapted Leipzig Interim to legislate matters of moral conscience between Protestants and Catholics. However they were generally disliked and not observed. Slowly but surely his areas of rule shrank. He relinquished his throne to his son Phillip II and became an advisors. Eventually he retreated to a monastic life until his death.

Question 17

Thomas Cranmer

Answer 17

A leader of the English reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer. He also helped reform doctrine and/or discipline in areas such as the Eucharist, clerical celibacy, roles of images in the place of worship, and veneration of the saints. After Mary I came to the throne, he was tried and imprisoned for treason and heresy. He recanted and rejoined the catholic church. When Mary decided to have him executed anyways, he withdrew his recantation, dying a heretic to the catholic church and a martyr for the English reformation.

Question 18

Thirty Nine Articles

Answer 18

These are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. They form part of the Book of Common Prayer and ultimately served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice. Cranmer compiled 42 Articles and eventually, after Mary I, was shaved down to 39. These were initiated in the Convocation of 1563 under Elizabeth I. It differed on some extreme Calvinist doctrine and established clear and distinctive English reformed doctrine.

Question 19

Non-Conformists

Answer 19

In English church history, a Nonconformist was a Protestant who did not “conform” to the governance and usages of the established Church of England. The Act of Uniformity in 1662 reestablished opponents of reform within the church of England. Among the group of non-conformists were Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, other Calvinist sects, and certain Puritans.

Question 20

Recusants

Answer 20

An English Roman Catholic of the time from about 1570 to 1791 who refused to attend services of the Church of England and thereby committed a statutory offense. These people remained loyal to the pope and to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1558, the Recusancy Acts were adopted which lead to fines, property confiscation, and even imprisonment. Some even received capital punishment for adhereing to the Catholic church.

Question 21

Melchior Hoffman

Answer 21

He was an Anabaptist prophet and a visionary leader in northern Germany and the Netherlands. Not a formally trained preacher. Became a lay preacher and quickly became involved in several disputes and revolts within the church. He shared a Zwinglian view of Communion which eventually got him banished. Soon after he joined the Anabaptists and began studying the Apocalypse. His wrong predictions of the Lord’s return caused more strife, specifically the Munster Rebellion. Eventually he was imprisoned and died there.

Question 22

Marburg Colloquy

Answer 22

The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany, which attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It was attended by other leading protestant reformers by order of Phillip I. Phillip intended for this to be a unifying meeting, one that would united the protestant reformers around the same doctrine. This backfired and Luther and Zwingli fell out over the sacrament of Eucharist.