Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PathomaSUN > Ch 3 Principles of Neoplasia > Flashcards

Ch 3 Principles of Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of neoplasia (3)

A

unregulated, irreversible, monoclonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain how clonality of B lymphocytes are determined

A
  1. Ig requires heavy chain and light chain
  2. Light chain uses kappa and lambda, which is usually 3:1
  3. Hyperplasia will maintain 3:1 ratio, but neoplasia will be 6:1 or 1:3 kappa/lambda, because all are monoclonal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mechanism of tumor progression and spread (4)

A
  1. downregulation of e-cadherin, disassociation of attached cells
  2. attaches to laminin and destroys basement membrane using collagenase
  3. attaches to fibronectin
  4. gains access to either lymphatics or blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mantle cell lymphoma and why does it happen

A

LN: follicle, mantle, margin. t(11;14) Cyclin D1 locus gets moved to IgH locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aflatoxins

A

HCC; derived from aspergillus, stored grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HBV and HCV

A

DNA and RNA virus respectively- HCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cigarette smoke

A

oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas; most common carcinogen in the world, polycyclic hydrocarbons worst, urothelium marinade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EBV

A

NPC, burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carcinogens (3)

A

chemicals, oncogenic viruses, radiation (io and non-ionizing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Grading of CA

A

well differentiated (low grade)- resembles normal parent tissue, poorly differentiated (high grade)- does not resemble parent tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nickel, chromium, berrylium or silica

A

Lung CA, occupational exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alkylating agents

A

lymphoma/leukemia; side effect of chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ERBB2 (HER2/neu)

A

GF-R, uses amplification, some breast carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HHV-8 (def, 3 ppl groups and treatment for each)

A

Kaposi sarcoma (tumor of endothelial cells); 1. Eastern europeans (excise) 2. AIDS (retroviral) 3. Transplanted (lower dose of immunosuppresants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

progression of oncogenes

A
  1. growth factor induces signal
  2. growth factor receptor mediate signal
  3. signal transducers relay receptor activation to nucleus
  4. cell-cycle regulators mediate progression through cell cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Role of cancer screening (1)

A

catch dysplasia before cancer, catch cancer before symptoms arise (average of 30 mutations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GFAP (IHC)

A

neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

KIT

A

GF-R, a/w gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Naphthylamine

A

Urothelial CA of bladder; from smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cyclin D-1

A

cell cycle regulator; cyclin with t(11;14) involving IgH, a/w mantle cell lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

l-MHC

A

TF, a/w small cell carcinoma of lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

follicular lymphoma mechanism

A
  1. t(14;18) moves Bcl2 locus to IgH locus (on chromosome 14)
  2. Increased Bcl2 production
  3. Mitochondrial membrane stabilized, prohibiting apoptosis
  4. B-cells that should undergo apoptosis during somatic hypermutation in LN germinal center accumulate = lymphoma
24
Q

Key regulatory systems that allow for tumor growth and progression (3)

A

oncogenes, tumor suppressors, regulators of apoptosis

25
Q

HPV

A

SCC of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix, adenoCA of cervix

26
Q

desmin (IHC)

A

muscle

27
Q

Nitrosamines

A

Stomach CA, smoked foods in Japan

28
Q

vimentin (IHC)

A

mesenchyme muscle

29
Q

Knudson hypothesis

A

two-hits required for both copies of p53 to be knocked out

30
Q

Neurofilament (IHC)

A

neurons

31
Q

Asbestos

A

Lung CA and mesothelioma; but more lung CA

32
Q

Important features of tumor development (3) and role of immune system (2)

A

telomerase, angiogenesis, avoiding immune surveillance via downregulating expression of MHC class 1. reason why immunodeficiency increases risk for cancer

33
Q

Rb function and mutation

A

Rb has a leash on E2F (transcription factor required for G1 to S progression). Phosphorylation of Rb by cyclinD/CDK4 complex leads to freedom of E2F. mutation leads to E2F being constitutionally free = uncontrolled growth

34
Q

routes of mets (3)

A
  1. Lymph- from carcinomas, travel to regional draining LN
  2. Blood- from sarcomas, SOME carcinomas
  3. Seeding of body cavities by ovarian CA (caking)
35
Q

p53 function

A

regulates progression of G1 to S by (1) inducing DNA repair if salvageable, (2) promoting apoptosis if jialat. Does so by producing BAX, which disrupts Bcl2, which stabilizes mitochondrial membrane. so cytochrome C leaks out, causing apoptosis

36
Q

how does RAS work as a _____

A

signal transducer. it is normally a/w GF receptor in its GDP-bound state. receptor binding replaces GDP with GTP, activating ras, and signal goes through. GAP cleaves phosphate group so GTP–>GDP. GAP is commonly mutated in neoplasia

37
Q

Ionizing radiation (RT or nuclear)

A

AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of thyroid; generates hydroxyl free radicals

38
Q

clinical features of benign (malignant) tumors (4)

A

slow growing(rapid), well-circumscribed(poorly), distinct(infiltrative) and mobile(fixed)

39
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum

A

restriction endonucleases don’t work well, defective DNA repair = neoplasia

40
Q

S-100 (IHC)

A

melanoma, schwannoma, LCH

41
Q

Non-ionizing radiation (UVB sunlight)

A

BCC, SCC, melanoma; pyrimidine dimers in DNA normally excised by restriction endonuclease

42
Q

Vinyl cholride

A

Angiosarcoma of liver; PVC pipes from Home depot, plumbers

43
Q

Sporadic vs germline mutation of Rb

A

sporadic mutation leads to unilateral retinoblastoma, but germline results in familial retinoblastoma, 2nd hit somatic, leading to bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

44
Q

c-MYC and explain

A

TF, uses t(8;14) involving IgH; a/w Burkitt lymphoma

45
Q

PDGFB

A

GR, uses overexpression and autocrine loop, astrocytoma

46
Q

Arsenic

A

SCC of skin, lung CA, angiosarcoma; used to be used to lighten skin, found also in cigarette smoke

47
Q

histological features of benign (malignant) tumors (6) and hallmark

A

organized growth (loss of polarity), uniform nuclei (nuclear pleopmorphism and hyperchromasia), low n:c ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no METS

48
Q

4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously

A
  1. HCC
  2. RCC
  3. Choriocaricnoma
  4. Follicular CA of thyroid
49
Q

Alcohol

A

SCC of oropharynx and upper esophagus, HCC, pancreatic

50
Q

ABL

A

signal transducer, tyrosine kinase with t(9;22) with BCR, CLL and some types of ALL (ph+ALL)

51
Q

RAS gene family

A

Signal tranducer; GTP-binding protein; a/w carcinomas, melanoma and lymphoma

52
Q

RET (neural growth factor receptor)

A

GF-R, uses point mutation, MEN2A and MEN2B sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

53
Q

Chromogranin (IHC)

A

neuroendocrine cells (SCCLC, carcinoid tumors)

54
Q

CDK4

A

cell cycle regulator, cyclin-dependent kinase, a/w melanoma

55
Q

n-MYC

A

TF, a/w neuroblastoma

PathomaSUN (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions