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BIOL 2104 > Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Terms to know: alleles

A

alternate forms or varieties of a gene.

The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may result in different expressions of that trait.
amino acids click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced

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2
Q

Terms to know: carrier

A

an individual who is heterozygous for a trait that only shows up in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive.

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3
Q

Terms to know: chromosomes vs chromatids

A

.

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4
Q

Terms to know: cross-fertilization, backcross, self-fertilization

A

.

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5
Q

Terms to know: dominant vs recessive allele

A

.

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6
Q

Terms to know: P generation, F1, F2, F3… generation

A

.

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7
Q

Terms to know: gene

A

units of inheritance usually occurring at specific locations, or loci, on a chromosome.

Physically, a gene is a sequence of DNA bases that specify the order of amino acids in an entire protein or, in some cases, a portion of a protein.

A gene may be made up of hundreds of thousands of DNA bases.

Genes are responsible for the hereditary traits in plants and animals.

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8
Q

Terms to know: genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

Genotype can refer to an organism’s entire genetic makeup or the alleles at a particular locus

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9
Q

Terms to know: heterozygous vs homozygous

A

.

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10
Q

Terms to know: homologous chromosomes

A

.

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11
Q

Terms to know: hybrids (mono__, di__, tri__etc)

A

.

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12
Q

Terms to know: phenotype

A

the observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism - the detectable expression of a genotype

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13
Q

Terms to know: principle of independent assortment

A

.

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14
Q

Terms to know: principle of segregation

A

.

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15
Q

Terms to know: punnett square

A

a simple graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that can occur and their probability given the parent genotypes.

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16
Q

Terms to know: true breeding

A

offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents - the opposite of hybrid.

Purebred is the same as true breeding.

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17
Q

Terms to know: testcross

18
Q

Terms to know: pedigree

19
Q

Terms to know: autosomal

20
Q

Terms to know: product rule vs sum rule

21
Q

Terms to know: gametes

22
Q

Terms to know: sperm

A

a male sex cell or gamete.

23
Q

Terms to know: ovum (plural ova)

A

a female sex cell or gamete.

24
Q

Terms to know: zygote

A

a “fertilized” ovum

More precisely, this is a cell that is formed when a sperm and an ovum combine their chromosomes at conception.

A zygote contains the full complement of chromosomes (in humans 46) and has the potential of developing into an entire organism.

25
Q

Who are the 3 scientists in this chapter and what did they contribute to genetics?

A 
gregor mendel (1822 - 1884)
--> pea plant

walter sutton (1877 - 1916)
--> spermatogenesis in grasshoppers

Theodor Boveri (1864 - 1915)
--> sea urchins
26
Q

What analysis did Mendel carried out?

A

carried out quantitative analysis of pea pollination

  • -> self-pollination
  • -> cross-pollination
27
Q

Define self-pollination

A

pollen from stamens of a plant land on carpel of the same plant

28
Q

Define cross-pollination

A

pollen from a plant transferred to carpel of another plant

29
Q

What is Mendel’s model organism and what are its advantages?

A

peas

  • -> easy to grow
  • -> true-breeding strains
  • -> controlled mating
  • self-fertilization or cross-fertilization
  • -> grow to maturity in one season
  • -> observable characteristic with two distinct forms
30
Q

When did Mendel’s work published, which was essentially ignored, and rediscovered?

31
Q

What is monohybrid cross?

32
Q

What were Mendel’s initial three postulate?

A
  1. unit factors exist in pairs
    - -> genetic characters controlled by unit factors
  2. dominance / recessiveness
    - -> in a pair of unit factors
    • -> one unit = dominant
    • -> the other = recessive
  3. segregation
    - -> paired unit factors segregate (seperate) independently during gamete formation
33
Q

What is dihybrid cross?

A
  • -> two pairs of contrasting trait

- -> generate unique F2 generation

34
Q

What is Mendel’s 4th postulate?

A

independent assortment

  • -> unit factors (traits) assort independently during gamete formation
  • -> all possible gamete combinations form with equal frequency
35
Q

What is the product law?

36
Q

Describe chromosomal theory of inheritance.

37
Q

What is trihybrid cross?

38
Q

What is binomial theorem?

39
Q

Chi-square and null hypothesis. What are they and how are they related?

40
Q

What is pedigree?

BIOL 2104 (19 decks)

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