Ch. 3: Le Canadie

Question 1

Québécois/Quebec French

Answer 1

The predominant variant of Canadian French which is mainly spoken in Quebec. There are also speakers in New Brunswick, Ontario, Western Canada, New England, Michigan, and Florida (especially Hallandale Beach)

Question 2

Quebec City dialect

Answer 2

Also known as the “capital dialect,” it used to be considered the most standard variety of Quebec French and was generally spoken in central Quebec and throughout St. Lawrence valley by the elite, especially the members of the Catholic clergy.

Question 3

Valley speak (Western-Central)

Answer 3

the second-most predominant form of Quebec French, after the Quebec City dialect.[citation needed] It is spoken all over the southern part of St. Lawrence valley, including Montreal and Trois-Rivières, as well as the Western area from Gatineau to as far as Rouyn-Noranda.

Question 4

Maritime dialects

Answer 4

These are dialects of Quebec French with a phonological Adstrat (any language having elements that are responsible for a change in neighboring languages) from Acadian French, spoken in the St. Lawrence delta and Baie des Chaleurs area.

Question 5

Eastern dialect

Answer 5

Primarily spoken in Sherbrooke and Magog, this dialect consists of French that was strongly distilled by the presence of New England dialects, such as the Boston and Vermont accents.

Question 6

Northern dialect

Answer 6

The dialect spoken by inhabitants of such regions as Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Côte-Nord.

Question 7

Gaspesia-Lower St. Lawrence dialect

Answer 7

Rimouski is the cultural center of this dialect area. Spoken on some parts of the Gaspé Peninsula

Question 8

Expatriate dialects

Answer 8

Expatriate dialects that were caused by emigration in the 19th century are spoken mostly in Manitoba and New England, mostly in the State of Maine.

Question 9

Joual

Answer 9

an accepted name for the linguistic features of Quebec French that are associated with the French-speaking working class in Montreal which has become a symbol of national identity for some.

Question 10

Acadian French

Answer 10

a variety of French originally associated with the Acadians of what is now the Maritimes in Canada. The language is spoken by the Acadian Francophone population of the Canadian province of New Brunswick, by small minorities on the Gaspé Peninsula and the Magdalen Islands of Quebec as well as in pockets of Francophones in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In the United States, it is spoken in the Saint John Valley of northern Aroostook County, Maine.

Question 11

l’ouïsme

Answer 11

a particular sound feature and causes the /o/ and /ɔ/ to be pronounced [ʊ] before a nasal consonant

Question 12

Chiac/Chiak

Answer 12

a variety of Acadian French spoken mostly in southeastern New Brunswick.

Question 13

St. Marys Bay French

Answer 13

a dialect of Acadian French spoken around St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia, specifically in the region of Clare, Nova Scotia.

Question 14

Métis French

Answer 14

a variety of Canadian French with some added characters such as Ññ, Áá, Óó, and Ææ (from older French spellings), and words loaned from indigenous languages such as Ojibwe, Beaver, and Cree. It is spoken in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba

Question 15

Michif

Answer 15

the language of the Métis people of Canada and the United States, who are the descendants of First Nations women (mainly Cree, Nakota, and Ojibwe) and fur trade workers of white ancestry (mainly French and Scottish Canadians). Michif emerged in the early 19th century as a mixed language (not to be confused with a creole) and adopted a consistent character between about 1820 and 1840.

Question 16

Newfoundland French

Answer 16

the French spoken on the Port au Port Peninsula (part of the so-called “French Shore”) of Newfoundland. The francophones of the region can trace their origins to Continental French fishermen who settled in the late 1800s and early 1900s, rather than the Québécois.

Question 17

Brayon French

Answer 17

spoken in the area around Edmundston, New Brunswick, and, to a lesser extent, Madawaska, Maine, and Beauce of Quebec. Although superficially a phonological descendant of Acadian French, analysis reveals it is morphosyntactically identical to Quebec French.[4] It is believed to have resulted from a localized leveling of contact dialects between Québécois and Acadian settlers.

Question 18

Muskrat French

Answer 18

a dialect found in southeastern Michigan along the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, the western and southern shores of Lake Erie from Monroe County, Michigan to Sandusky, Ohio, and in southwestern Ontario.

Question 19

New England French

Answer 19

a variety of French spoken in the New England region of the United States. It descends from Canadian French because it originally came from French Canadians who immigrated to New England during the Grande Hémorragie.

Question 20

Anglicism

Answer 20

a word or construction borrowed from English by another language.