Ch. 3 Drugs & Effects Flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of..
brain and spinal cord
General Nervous System consists of..
autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system
These facilitates message impulses from neuron to neuron as they travel across the synaptic cleft. consists of multiple dendrites
Neurons
These allow the transmission of nerve impulses to the cell body; consist of one axon
Dendrites
These consist of multiple dendrites
Neurons
These consist of one axon
Dendrites
This sends the electrical impulses across the synaptic cleft to the receptor cells of the other neuron *here is where drugs have most devastating effect
Axon
These are naturally occurring chemical substances in the brain; facilitate the electrical impulse form the presynaptic neuron (sender) to postsynaptic neuron (receiver)
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters
send and receive messages in the brain
Major transmitter groups
Catecholamines
Gamma
Peptides
Serotonin
Catecholamines Neurotransmitters
- includes dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
- produced and reabsorbed by the neuron through reuptake
Drugs (cocaine, meth) increase the production and eventual depletion of [transmitter group], thus producing depressive effects following extensive use
Catecholamines Neurotransmitters
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate (GABA)
Slows and inhibits impulses form nerve to nerve and creates a lethargic/relaxed effect.
Alcohol increases the inhibitory activity of [transmitter group] receptors and decreases the activity of [transmitter group] receptors, thus suppressing brain activity
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) … Glutamate
[transmitter group] regulates sleep, pain, body temperature, and sensory perception
Serotonin
The use of cocaine increases the production of … thus affecting …
serotonin .. sleep, energy and perception
The creation of new neurons throughout the lifetime
Neurogenesis
(How the brain changes) brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that describes lasting change to the brain throughout an animal’s life course. Many aspects of the brain remain changeable (or “plastic”) even into adulthood.
Neuroplasticity
PTSD symptoms/changes in the brain
- decrease in size and level of functioning of hippocampus (primarily responsible for memory)
- increased activity level and blood flow to the amygdala (fear, anxiety, aggression)
- increased levels of cortisol and norepinephrine (stress response)
Factors affecting client’s response to drugs
(1) client’s personal variables (gender, age, race, genetics, expectations, etc.)
(2) enviornmental variables
(3) amount of the drug ingested
Complete discontinuation of drugs/alcohol
Abstinence
Compulsive drug use despite negative consequences, loss of control, and tolerance or withdrawal symptoms
Addiction
Addicted to alcohol
Alcoholism
Addiction across various categories
cross-addiction
a tolerance to all drugs in the same category
cross-tolerance
discontinuation of drugs with minimal changes in cognitive, emotional-behavioral management
dry drunk-drugged
growth process of abstinence and cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and spiritual changes
recovery
start using again after period of abstinence
relapse
(increase or decrease) needing more or less of the drug to get the same effect
tolerance
Controlled Substance Act of 1970
the federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use and distribution of certain narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids and other chemicals is regulated
Schedule I Drugs
high potential for abuse and no medical use (meth, THC)
Schedule II Drugs
high potential for abuse and dependence; has medical use (severe restrictions) (ADHD, pain relief)
Schedule III Drugs
Less fréquence of abuse; has medical use (opiate addiction, pain relief, testosterone)
Schedule IV Drugs
Less abuse potential and only for proscription (anti-anxiety, muscle relaxers)
Schedule V drugs
Over the counter medications (cough medicine, headache relief)
Examples of Sedative-Hypnotics (depressants)
Alcohol, barbiturates (seconol, quaaludes, tranquilizers, Valium, Librium, Ativan, Xanax)
Sedative-Hypnotics (depressants) symptoms of intox
drowsy, slows CNS, confused, uncoordinated movements
Examples of Stimulants
cocaine, meth, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine
Stimulant symptoms of intox
talkative, alert, stimulates CNS, paranoid, anxiety increase, decrease in appetite, hyperactive; severe depression, suicidal thoughts and hallucinations possible when stopped
Cannabinols examples
marijuana, hash, hash oil
cannabinols symptoms of intox
decrease in motivation, red eyes, decrease in motor skill ability, increase in hunger, excessive laughing, paranoia; short-term memory loss, hallucinations
Narcotics (opiates) examples
heroin, Demerol, Dilaudid, morphine, codine, Percodan, methodone, opium
symptoms of intox on Narcotics
nausea, nodding off, vomiting, watery eyes and nose, insensitive to pain, detached; significant withdrawal: increased weight loss, increased risk for HIV, Hep C, overdosing and death
examples of hallucinogens
LSD, mescaline, PCP, MDMA, peyote
symptoms of into hallucinogens
impairs judgment, hallucinations, change in perception; mild withdrawal, difficult to detect in drug screens, violent behavior unpredictable
examples of inhalants
gasoline, aerosols, glue, liquid paper, nitrous oxide
symptoms of intox inhalants
dizziness, odor of chemicals, severe headaches, black-outs, hallucinations; risk of brain damage, sudden death, suffocation
examples of OTC
cold medicines with alcohol or acetaminophen
symptoms of OTC intox
dilated pupils, dry mouth, sleepiness; possible overdose when mixed with alcohol or drugs
examples of steroids
oxymetholone, oxandrohe
symptoms of steroid intox
mood swings, paraonoia, irritable behavior, violent, voice changes; increase transmission of HIV or Hep C
