Ch. 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
3 Parts of a Cell
Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell
Electrochemical Gradient
The concentration gradient and electrical gradient combined
Lipid Bilayer
Allows for small, nonpolar, and uncharged molecules to pass through the plasma membrane
Transmembrane Proteins
Make up channels or transports to aid in facilitated diffusion
Macromolecules
Only able to pass through plasma membrane via vesicular transport
Concentration Gradient
The difference of a chemical concentration from inside and outside the cell
Electrical Gradient
The difference of ion concentration from inside and outside the cell
Passive Transport
Transport that doesn’t require ATP or energy from Na+ or K+
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through a channel or carrier
Osmosis
Diffusion of a Solvent in Passive Transport
Active Transport
Transport across the cell membrane that requires energy
Primary Transport
Active Transport across the membrane that requires ATP energy to use pumps
Secondary Transport
Active Transport across the membrane that requires Na+ and K+ energy for antiporters and symporters
Anitporter
Moves two substances in the opposite direction
Symporter
Moves two substances in the same direction
Vesicular Transport
Active Transport which uses ATP energy for vesicles
5 Influences on Diffusion
- Steepness of the gradient 2. Temperature 3. Mass of the substance 4. Surface Area 5. Diffusion Distance
Cytoplasm
The inside of the Plasma Membrane which is made up of cytosol and organelles
Cytoskeleton
Helps with structure, shape, and movement
Centrosomes/Centromeres
Dense areas of cytoplasm
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia moves fluid and Flagella moves the cell
Ribosomes
Make Proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Holds Ribosomes
Golgi Complex
Filters and sorts proteins
Lysosomes
Break down old organelles
Mitochondria
Uses cellular respiration to make ATP
Nucleus
Holds DNA and mRNA
2 Steps in Protein Synthesis
Transcription and Translation
Transcription
Genetic info of DNA is copied onto an RNA strand
Translation
The mRNA nucleotide sequence is read and determines the amino acid sequence in order to from a new protein
Transcription Steps
- mRNA directs protein synthesis 2. rRNA joins with ribosomal proteins to create ribosomes 3. tRNA binds to amino acids and holds RNA strand in place for translation
2 Types of Cell Division
Mitosis and Meiosis
5 Steps of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase, and Cytokinesis
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and centrosomes move to opposite poles
Phagocyte
Form of endocytosis where large particles and bacteria are engulfed to be broken down then released
Endocytosis
Brings material into the cell
Exocytosis
Removes material from cell
Metaphase
Centromeres line up at the metaphase plate
Anaphase
Centromeres split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles
Telephase
The mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain chromatin appearance, and new nuclear membrane forms
Cytokinesis
Parent Cell Fully Splits
The difference between cytokinesis in Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis I ends with 2 non-identical diploid cells, whereas Meiosis II ends with 4 non-identical haploid cells
