Ch 3: Cellular Form and Function

Question 1

nucleus

Answer 1

surrounded by double membrane with pores; contains fluid (nucleoplasm); known as the “control center” (DNA); and participates in protein synthesis (mRNA)

Question 2

nucleolus

Answer 2

located in nucleoplasm; r RNA synthesis

Question 3

mitochondria

Answer 3

“powerhouse” (ATP); oval shape with outer membrane; middle membrane; and inner membrane (cristae); contains fluid (matrix)

Question 4

ribosomes

Answer 4

protein synthesis; two types – free (cytoplasm; make protein for that cell); bound (attached to rough ER; make protein to be transported out)

Question 5

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

two types – Rough (transport proteins); Smooth (transport lipids); both have series of membranous channels called cisternae; rough ER has bound ribosomes attached to cisternae

Question 6

golgi apparatus

Answer 6

series of saccules and vesicles (motile); storage and secretion; modify proteins)

Question 7

lysosomes

Answer 7

contain digestive enzymes (remove damaged organelles; digest nutrients; and remove foreign substances)

Question 8

cytoskeleton

Answer 8

gives support and shape to the cell; also movement of organelles; made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 9

cell structure (cytoplasm)

Answer 9

mainly composed of water; contains all compounds that enter or are made by the cell; contains the organelles (except nucleolus); all chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm

Question 10

bilayer of phospholipids

Answer 10

polar heads (hydrophilic); non-polar tails (hydrophobic); heads point to surface and interior of cell; tails make up middle of membrane; regulate the amount of water that enters & exits the cell

Question 11

proteins

Answer 11

integral (pores); and peripheral (to each side of membrane; give support)

Question 12

cholesterol

Answer 12

hydrophobic; regulate the amount of water that enters & exits the cell

Question 13

enzymes

Answer 13

carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine; help produce second messengers; and break down hormones and other signaling molecules when the job is done, to prevent excessively stimulating the cell

Question 14

passive transport

Answer 14

movement across cell membrane from higher gradient to lower gradient; no ATP; 4 types

Question 15

active transport

Answer 15

movement across cell membrane from lower gradient to higher gradient; ATP; 3 types