Ch 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Question 1

Single sugar molecules are called ________
Double sugar molecules are called ________
Multiple sugar molecules are called ________

Answer 1

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 2

What is the ratio of Carbohydrates

Answer 2

CH2O

Question 3

In the structure of glucose, we can see the trademarks of a sugar: the molecule has a ________ group and multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

Answer 3

Carbonyl - a carbon double bonded to an oxygen

Question 4

Ketone

Answer 4

A carbonyl group that occurs in the middle of the chain and is usually found in sugars. It is in the form of R-CO-R’. Furthermore, it cannot be oxidized without breaking the carbon chain.

Question 5

Aldehyde

Answer 5

A carbonyl group that occurs at the end of a chain and is usually found in volatile compounds. They have a form of R-CHO. Furthermore, they are more reactive than ketones and undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids

Question 6

The carbon skeleton of a monosaccharide ranges from _ to _ carbons long

Answer 6

3 to 7

Question 7

In aqueous solutions, glucose and other 5- and 6- carbon sugars form ____, which is the most _____ form of these under physiological conditions.

Answer 7

rings

stable

Question 8

What 4 elemnts make up most of all living matter?

Answer 8

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 9

What are isomers?

Answer 9

Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structures which result in diffferent properties.

Question 10

What are cis-trans isomers?

Answer 10

Isomers which differ in their arrangement of a double bond

Question 11

Enantiomers

Answer 11

Are mirror images meaning their structure is flipped. They are defined by L-(levo) and D-(dextro).

Question 12

Thalidomide

Answer 12

It has two isomers that can be intercconverted in the body, and it caused many birth defects 50 years ago.

Question 13

The FDA has approved the medical admission of thalidomide for which condition?

Answer 13

Multiple myeloma

Question 14

What other factors aside from arrangement of carbon skeleton are important for determining molecular function

Answer 14

Functional group
(estradiol vs testosterone; the only difference is testosterone has an extra methyl group, and a carbonyl group in place of a hydroxyl group.

Question 15

Peptide bonds are formed by _______ reactions, which link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next

Answer 15

dehydration

Question 16

If you had a polypeptide chain 127 amino acids long, how many possible configurations exist?

Answer 16

20^127

Question 17

What protein accounts for 40% of the protein in the human body?

Answer 17

Collagen - a structural protein found in skin and other connective tissue

Question 18

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 18

caused by the substitution of valine for the normal one glutamic acid at the position of the 6th amino acid in hemoglobin.

Question 19

X-ray Crystallography

Answer 19

A method used to see the 3D shape of a protein

Question 20

intrinsically disordered proteins

Answer 20

proteins that don’t have a specific 3D shape until they reach a target protein or other molecule. This indefinite structure gives them flexibility.

Question 21

What are all the amino acids?

Answer 21

Lysine
Tryptophan
Glycine
Threonine
Aspartic Acid
Alanine
Leucine
Glutamic Acid
Proline
Histidine
Arginine
Isoleucine
Tyrosine
Glutamine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Cysteine
Serine
Asparagine

Question 22

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 22

histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

Question 23

Nucleic Acids

Answer 23

polymers of monomers called nucleotides

Question 24

Hydrolysis

Answer 24

The process during which a bond between 2 monomers is broken, and it is the opposite of a condensation reaction. An H is added to one monomer and an OH is added to another.