Ch. 3 - Apparatus Safety and Operating Emergency Vehicles Flashcards by Michael Labita

The Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications is NFPA?

NFPA 1001

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In order to meet the intent of NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications, candidates must have successfully completed a?

Firefighter I or equivalent course

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Driver/Operators should possess the following abilities and skills:

_________ skills
___________ skills
__________ skills
___________ skills
_________ fitness
________ acuity
Adequate __________

Reading skills
Computer skills
Writing skills
Mathematical skills
Physical fitness
Visual acuity 
Adequate hearing
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A periodic medical evaluation, in accordance with NFPA _____, should be administered under the direction of the AHJ in order to establish and maintain D/O fitness for duty.

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program

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Which NFPA standard provides standards on vision and hearing a D/O should possess?

NFPA 1582, Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments

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In the United States who establishes the basic requirements for licensing a driver?

the federal Department of Transportation (DOT)

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In Canada who has authority to license drivers?

Transport Canada (TC)

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D/O should be aware they are subject to all traffic regulations when driving under?

non emergency conditions

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__________ of the law does not limit your liability for failing to follow it.

Ignorance

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Most driving regulations pertain to what type of conditions?

dry, clear roads during daylight conditions

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D/O must adjust their speed to compensate for road conditions, such as?

rain, snow, fog or darkness that may make driving more hazardous

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Statutes may exempt emergency vehicles from driving regulations that apply to the general public if they are responding to a reported emergency using their audible and visual warning devices. These exemptions could include the following:
(4 answers)

Speed limits
Direction of travel
Direction of turns
Parking statutes and ordinances

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Legal decisions have held that D/O who does not obey state, local, or departmental driving regulations can be subject for?

civil or criminal prosecution if the fire apparatus is involved in an accident. The organization that they represent may also be held responsible.

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For example, in most jurisdictions, fire apparatus are not exempt from laws that require a vehicle to stop for a?

school bus when it’s flashing red lights indicate that it is loading or unloading students

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The D/O is not protected from legal consequences of driving with _________ _________ for the safety of others.

reckless disregard

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An act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any potential consequences of so doing.

Reckless Disregard

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_________ _________, while not necessarily suggesting intent to cause harm, is a harsher condition than ordinary negligence.

Reckless disregard

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Breach of duty in which a person or organization fails to perform at the standard required by law, or that would be expected by a reasonable person under similar circumstances.

Negligence

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Willful and wanton disregard

Gross Negligence

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D/O drive with “_____ _______” for the safety of others using the highways. State vehicle codes provide and give privileges to the operators of emergency vehicles; however this does not relieve the operator from the duty and responsibility to drive with “_____ _______” for the safety of others.

Due regard / due regard / due regard

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The Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications is NFPA?

NFPA 1002

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The D/O most important responsibility is to?

operate the apparatus safely during routine driving and while responding to emergency calls

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The most common place for a collision to occur is at?

an intersection

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A fire apparatus D/O should maintain _________ _________ in order to lower the chances of being involved in a collision with a object, pedestrian, or vehicle.

situational awareness

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- Perception of ones surrounding environment and the ability to anticipate future events.

Situational Awareness p85

``` In general, fire apparatus collisions are grouped into seven basic causes which reflect the lack of due regard and situational awareness. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ```

1. Improper backing 2. Reckless driving 3. Excessive speed 4. Lack of driving skill and experience 5. Overloading and misuse 6. Mechanical failure 7. Driver/operator personal readiness p86

D/O should develop a _______-__________ attitude.

safety-conscious p86

- Loss of braking function which occurs due to excessive use of the brakes.

Brake Fade p87

_____________ brake components lose their ability to stop the vehicle, regardless of the configuration of the braking system.

Overheating p87

_______ and _______ brakes will both overheat if braking and driving habits are poor.

Disc and drum p87

Radial tires and ABS braking systems do not reduce the potential for ______ ______.

brake fade p87

Only effective _________ and ________ techniques can ensure maximum braking efficiency.

handling and braking p87

Lack of driving skill may result from: * _______________ in your driving ability * Inability to recognize a __________ __________ * False sense of security because of a good ________ _______ * Misunderstanding of apparatus ___________ * Insufficient _________ on a piece of apparatus

``` Overconfidence dangerous situation driving record capabilities training ``` p88

In a study conducted by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), it was determined that in _____ percent of all collisions, the D/O was not aware of the problem until it was too late to correct.

42 percent p88

A _____ water tank provides better braking for the weight and subsequent road traction.

full p88

For safety reasons, many manufacturers recommend that tanks be either?

completely empty or full p88

Many serious fire apparatus accidents have been attributed to?

poor vehicle design and maintenance p89

It is SOP in most fire departments to don their protective gear before getting into the apparatus, with the exception of their ______ per NFPA ______.

helmet 1500 p90

Which NFPA standards establish requirements for seat belt use on the apparatus?

NFPA 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus and NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program p90

Which NFPA standard provides direction for loading fire hose while driving the apparatus?

NFPA 1500 p91

When loading large diameter hose while driving, drive the apparatus only in a _________ direction, straddling or to one side of the hose, and at a speed no greater than ____ mph.

forward / 5 mph p91

Which NFPA standard prohibits firefighters for being allowed to ride the tailboard, front bumper, or running boards of any moving apparatus?

NFPA 1500 p92

Which NFPA standard allows a detachable seat to be placed next to the tiller operators position in which the instructor may sit during training?

NFPA 1500 p93

One of the most common causes of injury for the d/o is from slips and falls when?

entering and exiting the apparatus p93

Beginning with engines produced in 2007, apparatus began to be equipped with a ?

diesel particulate filter (DPF) p94

This indicator lights when the exhaust system is very hot, usually due to an active regeneration in process.

High Exhaust System Temperature (HEST) indicator p94

Lights to indicate that the DPF is loading up with soot.

DPF indicator

Allows d/o to manually initiate an active regeneration to burn off the DPF.

Manual (parked) regeneration switch p94

The ______ collects particulates (soot) from the exhaust stream and burns them more completely.

DPF - diesel particulate filter p95

____________ regeneration occurs when the engine load, exhaust temperature, and engine speed are within an acceptance range.

Automatic p95

Active regeneration can also occur when the truck is _________.

parked p95

An apparatus equipped with _________ _________ __________ will have a tank in addition to the fuel tank that must be filled with Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF).

Selective Catalyst Reductant (SCR) p95

- (1) Force that tends to create a rotational or twisting motion. (2) Measurement of engine shaft output. (3) Force that produces or tends to produce a twisting or rotational action.

Torque p95

The d/o should never shut down an engine immediately after a ? or when the temperature gauge indicates ?

full load operation / that the engine is overheated p95

A hot engine should cool to the normal operating temperature. Usually an idling time of ______ to ______ minutes is sufficient.

three to five minutes p95

The large size of most apparatus makes it imperative that the d/o have well adjusted ____________

mirrors p96

- Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the front tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the front of the apparatus.

Angle of approach p97

- Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the rear of the apparatus.

Angle of departure p97

- Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the bottom of the frame at the wheelbase midpoint.

Break over angle p97

The d/o should only use as much _________ as needed to keep weight transfer to a minimum.

steering p98

Steering should be accomplished in a _______ and ______ motion rather than a series of ________ ______.

smooth and fluid / multiple turns p98

Weigh the apparatus after loading it with all equipment and personnel to ensure that the axle loading is balanced within ___ percent from side to side and within the axle weight rating front to back.

7 percent p98

When driving downhill use the _______ brake and _________ brake as well as manually shifting to lower gears to limit speed.

service / auxiliary p98

To prevent engine damage, limit downhill speed to lower than maximum ?

rpm p98

- Process of injecting or supplying the diesel engine with more fuel than can be burned.

Overthrottling p99

If engine lugging does occur, the d/o should not allow engine rpm to?

drop below peak torque speed p99

Which NFPA standard requires a placard in every apparatus that lists the vehicle height and weight in feet and tons?

NFPA 1901 p99

It may take ____ to ____ times greater distance for a vehicle to come to a complete stop on snow and ice than it does on dry pavement.

3 to 15 p99

The d/o should use the following guidelines to help avoid potential collisions: * Aim high in ____________. Find a safe path well ahead. * Get the big __________. Stay back and see the reaction of other motorist. * Keep your ______ moving. * Leave yourself an "_____" * Maintain enough distance from the vehicle ahead to? * Make sure that others can _____ and _____ you.

* steering * picture * eyes * out * pull out of traffic safely if the need arises * see and hear p100

The d/o must come to a complete stop at intersections controlled with a?

red traffic light or stop sign p101

Studies have shown that civilian drivers respond better to sounds that?

change pitch p101

At speeds above _____ mph, an emergency vehicle may outrun the effective range of its audible warning device.

50 mph p101

In some instances, increasing the speed of an apparatus by 20 mph can decrease the audible distance by _____ feet or more.

250 feet or more p101

When more than one emergency vehicle is responding along the same route, they should travel at least _____ to _____ feet apart.

300 to 500 feet p101

_______ lights are readily visible even during daylight hours.

White p101

Studies have shown that vehicles traveling with _____ _____ headlights on during daylight hours have fewer accidents.

low beam p102

Generally, it is best to avoid ________ vehicles that do not pull over to yield to fire apparatus.

passing p104

Always travel on the _________ lane ( ______ lane) on multilane roads. Wait for vehicle in front of the apparatus to move to the right before passing.

Innermost (fast) p104

When emergency vehicles must pass each other how should these maneuvers be coordinated?

by radio, with the slower apparatus pulling to the right to allow the faster vehicle to pass p104

Some apparatus are equipped with _______ brakes or other types of __________ devices that assist in stopping the apparatus.

engine / retarding p105

Engine brakes and retarders help extend the life of ?

service brake components and make apparatus easier to manage p105

The time needed to stop the apparatus or perform an evasive maneuver at the current rate of speed is ?

visual lead time p105

- Distance the vehicle travels from the time the brakes are applied until it comes to a complete stop.

Braking Distance p105

- Sum of the drivers reaction distance and the vehicle braking distance.

Total Stopping Distance p105

- Distance a vehicle travels while a driver transfers a foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal after perceiving the need for stopping.

Reaction Distance p105

- An uncontrolled slide across a surface in a wheeled vehicle.

Skid p107

In an _____________ skid, the drive wheels lose traction on the road surface.

acceleration skid p108

- Skid that usually occurs when the gas pedal is applied too quickly.

Acceleration skid p108

- This type of skid is usually caused by braking too hard at a high rate of speed and locking the wheels. The vehicle will skid no matter which way the steering wheel is turned.

Locked Wheel Skid p108

Most new fire apparatus are equipped with what type of braking system?

all-wheel, antilock braking system (ABS) p108

NFPA 1901 requires that all apparatus with a GVWR of ________ lbs or greater be equipped with an auxiliary braking system.

36,000 lbs p109

There are four types of auxiliary brakes to aid the foundation brakes in slowing the vehicle: * __________ brake * __________ _________ brake * ___________ ________ retarder * _____________ retarder

* Exhaust brake * Engine compression brake * Transmission output retarder * Electromagnetic retarder p109

Which two auxiliary braking systems provide the highest level of braking torque and are unaffected by transmission gear shift changes?

Transmission output retarders and electromagnetic retarders p109

The _______ _______ is the least capable of the four auxiliary brake devices.

exhaust brake p110

Any device that uses the engine and transmission to impede the forward motion of the motor vehicle by compression of the engine is called?

Engine Compression Brake p110

Which retarder is either mounted in the driveline, or supplied as an integral part of the rear axle?

Electromagnetic retarder p110

Which retarder uses the viscous property of the automatic transmission fluid to retard the driveline?

Transmission output retarder p110

Traction can be improved by the use of more aggressive tire _____, tire ______, mechanical features in the ___________, or ______ based automatic traction control.

treads chains driveline ABS p110

What feature automatically reduces engine torque and applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction and begin to spin?

automatic traction control (ATC) p111

The purpose of what equipment is to improve traction and handling by locking the differential during off-road and wet weather conditions, such as snow or ice?

Driver Controlled Differential Lock (DCDL) p111

The ___________ ___________ allows for speed differences between the rear driving axles.

interaxle differential p111

_________ _________ systems are designed to help prevent roll-overs and tipping caused by cornering or sudden changes in direction.

Stability control systems p112

In addition to the usual ABS sensors, _______ includes a lateral accelerometer that senses when the side force caused by cornering approaches the roll-over threshold.

RSC - roll stability control p 112

__________ ________ _________ is a more capable system than RSC.

Electronic Stability Control p112

_______ applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that the operator positions the steering wheel.

ESC - electronic stability control p112

Recommended Backing Policies IFASTA recommends: If possible, position the apparatus so that backing will ?

not be necessary p113

Recommended Backing Policies: IFSTA recommendations Immediately before backing you should do what?

Sound two short blasts of the vehicles horn p113

All firefighters performing spotting duties should be wearing a?

reflective safety vest p114

When preparing to back the apparatus, the spotter should be positioned in the vision of the d/o, preferably in the ______ mirror, approximately ____ to ____ feet behind and slightly to the ______ of the apparatus.

left mirror / 8 to 10 feet / left p114

Once the spotters position has been established, he or she should not?

change mirrors p114

All hand signals should be done in a ?

slow, exaggerated motion p115

While backing if a spotter raises and lowers outstretched arms with palms facing down the d/o should?

slow down p116

The tiller operator must be qualified to operate the ______ _______ and be familiar with the duties assigned to all ______ company personnel.

aerial ladder / truck p117

Which NFPA standard provides specific directions on the d/o candidates evaluation?

NFPA 1002 p118

All fire apparatus training and testing should follow which NFPA standard?

NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire and Emergency Service Vehicle Operations Training Program p118

Which NFPA standard specifies a number of practical driving exercises that a d/o candidate should successfully complete before being authorized to drive apparatus on emergency calls?

NFPA 1002 p118

At a minimum what four exercises must be completed by d/o candidates before being allowed to drive to emergencies per NFPA 1002?

alley dock exercise / the serpentine course / confined space turnaround / diminishing clearance exercise p118

At a minimum, which NFPA standard indicates that any road test must meet the AHJs requirements?

NFPA 1002 p119

Always have a _________ ________ present when working on, around, or under apparatus.

second person p119

If it is necessary to gain access to an area where a slip resistant surface is not provided what should be used to provide traction before attempting to step, stand or walk on this area?

Rubber matting or other means to provide traction p120

Personnel operating on top of apparatus should wear?

PPE, including helmets, according to local policy p120

Aerial Apparatus Hose Chutes: * Lay couplings so that they are pulled? * Lay hose so that it never crosses? * Maintain vehicle speed of ____ mph or less. At ____ mph, ____ feet of hose is pulled off each second. Traveling more than ____ mph is likely to cause a hose jam in the hose chute.

* out straight, without flipping around * over itself when paying out * 5 mph / 5mph / 7 feet / 5mph p120

Which NFPA standard specifies that any equipment not needed while driving to the scene must be secured in brackets or contained in a storage cabinet?

NFPA 1901 p120

Storage brackets and cabinets on apparatus must be capable of restraining the equipment against a force up to _____ times the equipments weight.

Ten times p120

High pressure hydraulic fluid at pressures as low as _____ psi can penetrate skin.

100 psi p122

Which retarder when activated, creates an electromagnetic field by supplying electrical power to a series of coils in the retarder. This field inhibits the rotation of the rotor and creates a braking torque at the rear wheels?

Electromagnetic Retarders p 110

True or False: Electromagnetic retarders will experience some loss of effectiveness at high temperatures?

True p 110

Which retarder, when activated introduces transmission fluid into the retarder housing and energy is absorbed into the fluid through the opposing action of spinning vanes. This retards the vehicle through the rear wheels and adds heat to the transmission fluid.

Transmission retarders or transmission output retarders p 110

Transmission retarders can provide high braking capacity but are limited in _______ ___________ environments by the capacity of the vehicle cooling system.

high ambient p 110

Automatic snow chains may be ineffective in snow deeper than ____ to ____ inches depending on the consistency of the snow or when the vehicle is moving at very slow speeds, or in reverse.

3 to 6 inches p 110-111

What feature automatically reduces engine torque and applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction and begin to spin. This transfers torque to the wheels that still have traction, which helps improve overall traction on slippery roads.

Automatic Traction Control (ATC) p 111

What equipment when engaged forces both wheels to turn at the same speed, resulting in the differential being locked to maximize traction?

Driver Controlled Differential Lock (DCDL) p 111

The ____________ differential allows for speed differences between the rear driving axles.

Interaxle p 111

What feature allows the operator to lock-out the interaxle differential action between the rear tandem driving axles, creating one solid drive line between the rear axles?

Interaxle Differential Lock p 111

In addition to the usual ABS sensors, RSC includes a _________ _______________ that senses when the side force caused by cornering approaches the roll-over threshold.

lateral accelerometer p 112

Which is a more capable system Electronic Stability Control (ESC) also referred to as Electronic Stability Program or Roll Stability Control (RSC)?

ESC / ESP p 112

Where RSC merely slows the vehicle down, ESC applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that the operator positions the steering wheel. To accomplish this, the ESC system includes a __________ _________ sensor in addition to the lateral accelerometer.

steering wheel p 112

True or False: RSC and ESC improve a vehicle's cornering performance?

False Neither RSC nor ESC improves a vehicles cornering performance p 112

NEVER attempt to remove any inlet or discharge cap on an apparatus until making certain there is no ?

trapped pressure p 122

Open the _________ valve or ________ valve between the control valve and the cap to ensure that any trapped pressure is released.

bleeder valve or drain valve p 122

NEVER attempt to remove any inlet or discharge cap on an apparatus until making certain there is no ?

trapped pressure p 122

Open the _________ valve or ________ valve between the control valve and the cap to ensure that any trapped pressure is released.

bleeder valve or drain valve p 122

What NFPA standard provides specific standards for visual activity and adequate hearing?

NFPA 1582 - Standard on Comprehension Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments p 82

All riders on the apparatus must be seated within the cab or body and wearing their seat belts before the apparatus is?

put into motion p 90

Maintain ________ points of contact with the vehicle when entering, exiting or climbing.

three p 93

When preparing to start the apparatus, whether for an emergency response or routine trip, the D/O must first know the ?

destination and route of travel p 94

Switch used in limited circumstances if the apparatus is parked on dry grass or over other combustible materials where there is a risk that high exhaust temperatures may start a fire.

Regeneration inhibit switch p 94

If the apparatus makes frequent short runs or operates in very cold climates, the exhaust may never get hot enough to burn out the soot and an __________ _____________ is required.

active regeneration p 95

After a D/O continues to ignore an empty DEF tank, the apparatus may be limited in speed to _____ mph and will need service from the _________.

5 mph / dealer p 95

Apparatus equipped with ___________ transmissions are becoming the norm for many FDs.

automatic p 97

Weight transfer follows the law of __________ which states that "objects in motion tend to remain in motion; objects at rest tend to remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force."

inertia p 98

Apparatus D/O must be aware that the weight carried on most fire apparatus can contribute to skidding or possible roll over due to _________ weight transfer.

lateral p 98

The D/O should ensure the apparatus is properly __________ at all times.

loaded p 98

The engine governor cannot control engine speed ____________.

downhill p 98

Engine speed faster than the rated ______ can result in engine damage.

rpm p 98

It is unsafe and may be illegal to allow the apparatus to coast out of gear or "___________" while driving downhill.

"freewheel" p 98

Engine _________ occurs when the throttle is applied when a manual transmission is in too high a gear for the demand on the engine. A common example is trying to accelerate while a vehicle is moving up a _______ ________.

lugging / steep grade p 99

D/O must be actively familiar with the potential hazards including _________ and __________, associated with the travel routes in their response areas.

bridges and railroads p 99

Drivers who cross the railroad tracks must ensure that there will be room between the ________ and the _______ _________ to fit the apparatus while the light is still red.

tracks and the stop light p 99

While light can be readily visible even during daylight hours. Because of this, the D/O should turn on apparatus ______________ as part of the emergency response.

headlights p 101

In addition to dimming headlights and spotlights at an incident scene, D/O must be aware that warning lights and scene floodlights may reduce the effectiveness of the ____________ _______ on firefighters PPE.

reflective trim p 101

___________ lights allow approaching vehicles head lights to more effectively illuminate the reflective trim worn by firefighters.

Yellow p 102

Some systems use _________ __________ mounted on the apparatus to activate sensors in the traffic lights.

strobe lights (emitters) p 102

Some traffic control systems may be activated by the vehicle's _________ as it approaches an intersection.

siren p 102

Siren activated - preemption device: | This device may be adjusted to activate from distances of several ____________ _______ to about ______ ___ ________.

several hundred feet to about half a mile p 103

Intersections equipped with siren activated devices will have ____- inch ________ and _______ lights mounted near the regular traffic light, facing each direction of travel.

3-inch / white and blue lights p 103

Using a ______ device and _________ transmitter in the apparatus, data can be transmitted to a radio receiver on the traffic light in order to preempt a signal at the intersection.

GPS / radio p 103

On multilane roads, vehicles in the left lane may pull into a ______ _______ lane instead of making lane lane changes to yield.

left turn p 104

Drives waiting to make a left or right turn at an intersection may pull to the ________ or the _______.

right / left p 104

Avoid passing vehicles on the ________ side because drivers normally move to the _______ upon the approach of emergency vehicles.

right / right p 104

Avoid passing other ___________ vehicles if at all possible.

emergency p 104

Before applying the brakes, the D/O must consider the _________ of the apparatus and the condition of the ________, ________ and _______ surface.

weight / brakes, tires, and road surface p 105

When the D/O releases pressure from the accelerator, the ________ brake or ___________ is activated. Because they provide a significant slowing action, the D/O is able to lessen the use ________ brakes.

engine / retarder / service p 105

To maintain control of the vehicle during an acceleration skid the D/O should not apply the ________, ease off the _______________, and straighten out the front wheels as the vehicle begins to respond.

brakes / accelerator p 108

D/Os must balance the _________ brakes, ____________ gear selection, and __________ device in order to maintain control when descending grades during icy conditions.

service / transmission / retarding p 108

ABS: Skid Control * Using an onboard computer that monitors each ________ and controls pressure to the _________, maintaining optimal braking ability.

wheel / brakes p 108

ABS: Skid Control | * Using a sensing device to monitor the ________ of each wheel, sending a signal to the onboard computer.

speed p 108

ABS Skid Control: Receiving information from the computer when a wheel begins to ______ _____. The computer compares it to the information received from the other wheels to determine if this particular wheel should still be turning. ___________ is maintained as long as the wheels do not lock.

lock up / steering p 108

ABS Skid Control: | * Reducing the ________ pressure and allowing the wheel to continue to turn. Once it turns, it is _________ again.

brake / braked p 108

When driving a vehicle with ABS, the D/O should maintain a steady ___________ on the brake pedal, rather than ___________ the pedal, until the apparatus comes to a complete stop.

pressure / pumping p 109

The amount of retardation force available from any auxiliary braking system is a complex function of __________ speed, __________ speed, _____________ and _________ strategy.

vehicle speed, engine speed, temperature and control speed p 109

What brakes uses a valve to restrict the flow of the exhaust, which creates back pressure that adds to the engines inherent braking ability?

Exhaust Brakes p 110

Which brake converts the mechanical energy of the vehicle into heat by compressing the engine intake air and then discharging the pressure to the atmosphere through the exhaust?

Engine Compression Brake p 110