Ch. 3: Aircraft Familiarization Flashcards
1
Q
What rescue concerns are emerging with the use of new large aircraft (NLA)?
A
Possibility of second floor access complications & collapse
2
Q
Which designator letter is assigned to unmanned aerial vehicle?
A
Unmanned aerial, is letter “U”.
3
Q
Name the 9 general Aircraft types.
A
- Commercial Transport
- Commuter/Regional
- Cargo, Includes (combi-aircraft)
- General Aviation
- Business/Corporate
- Military Aviation
- Rotary-wing (Helicopters)
- Fire-Fighting
- Other
4
Q
Which U designated aircraft is the exception, that is used for high altitude recon?
A
The U-2 surveillance aircraft
5
Q
What types of aircraft are classified as others?
A
- Vintage
- Medical Evac./Transport
- Tilt-rotor aircraft
- Ultralight aircraft
- Experimental/amateur
- Agricultural (crop)
- Skydiver transport
- Aerobatics
- Lighter-than-air (blimps, hot-air balloons)
6
Q
Explain major aircraft components for Fixed wing.
A
- Fuselage
- Wings
- Tail (Empennage)
7
Q
Explain major aircraft components for Rotary wing.
A
- Fuselage
- Main rotor(s)
- Tail rotors
- Landing gear
8
Q
List the major parts of the Fuselage on an aircraft.
A
- Landing gear
- Cockpit (Flight deck)
- Passenger Compartment
- Static eliminator
- Pitot tubes
9
Q
List the major locations & systems that can be found in & around the passenger compartment.
A
- Galley
- Lavatories
- Storage bins
- Emergency Exits
- Exit rows
- Emergency Lighting
- Light Ballasts
- Supplemental Oxygen cylinder
10
Q
List the major parts of the Wing on an aircraft.
A
- Engines
- Nacelle
- Flaps & Slats
- Ailerons
- Spoilers & Speed brake
- Vortex generators
11
Q
List the major parts of the Empennage on an aircraft.
A
- Elevator
- Rudder
- Vertical Stabilizer
- Horizontal Stabilizer
12
Q
A device that enables the pilot to control the direction of flight, altitude, and of the aircraft; includes ailerons, elevator, rudder, flaps and slats, spoilers and speed brakes.
A
- Flight Control Surface
13
Q
What two types of landing gear do rotary-wing aircraft have?Explain the features of each.
A
- Conventional: Main landing gear, might retract. Also can be pontoons.
- Skids: Used in smaller choppers, resemble platforms and “hover taxi” on taxiway.
14
Q
Where is the Magneto used? What is it’s function? What danger can it cause to ARFF personnel?
A
- Used in gas engines, making the spark in fuel combustion.
- Usually each engine has at least two.
- Danger if props are bumped or rotated, it can ignite any unspent fuels, causing engine to restart.
- Disconnecting the battery doesn’t prevent the magneto from functioning.
15
Q
How many types of Turbine engines are listed?
A
- Turbojet
- Turbofan
- Turboprop
- Turboshaft
16
Q
Define a Narrow body aircraft
A
- Designed with single aisles usually 18’-20” wide
- Seat up top 235 persons
- 2 or 3 engines
as much as 13,000 gals of jet fuel - Older models Plug-in cabin doors
- New models use Vault-type doors
If higher than 6’, must have Emergency Slides - Cargo & luggage is usually bulk loaded in 2 or 3 compartments, on the bottom of fuselage, access on right.
17
Q
Define Wide body aircraft
A
- Can seat up to 500 passengers
- Dual aisles, some center section
- 2 to 4 jet engines
- May carry as much as 58,000 gal of fuel
- Power assisted door, may have pneumatic or spring-tension emergency ops.
- Some doors open up into overhead area, other outward
- Older planes plug-type doors, newer vault type.
- Escape Slide on almost all, can be de-armed from outside
- Over wing escape door more common than hatches.
- Cargo & luggage are usually preload in containers or pallets.
- Can have both Fire detection & Fire-Extinguisher systems.
18
Q
What are some details of New Large Aircraft (NLA)
A
- Also called Very Large Aircraft (VLA)
- May hold up to 900 passengers.
- Potential issues for Rescue & F/F staff access of 2nd floor.
- Collapse possibility of 2nd floor.
19
Q
List details of Commuter/Regional Aircraft:
A
- Usual carries 19 to 60 passengers.
- Used for short commercial routes, hubs, regional.
- Twin engine, Turboprop in the past.
- Presently use jet engines.
- Cramped & congested in emergencies
- Limited egress locations.
- Cabin doors often forward facing service.
- Some can be access through rear cargo.
- Can be stretched to hold 100 persons, add 1 or 2 doors.
- Larger hazard is the entry stairs built into the doors, low speed impact may impede exit.
20
Q
List some details of Cargo Aircraft:
A
- Mainly used for Cargo.
- Many are modified passenger planes to carry pallets & containers.
- Can contain Dangerous Goods (Haz-Mat material)
- Some are Combi-aircraft, used for passengers & cargo.
- Large-frame plane have hydraulic doors located forward & aft of the wing on the left side of the plane.
- Most Cargo doors can operated manually in emergencies.
- Containers/Pallets loaded by numbers or letters, front to back
- Narrow-bosy use lower compartment for bulk packages less than 70lbs.
21
Q
List the classes of Cargo Compartments:
A
- There are 5 classes of compartments:
A, B,C & E. - Class D was discontinued on new planes and upgraded to class C on older planes.
- Each class of compartment is usually larger that the preceding. Class A is the smallest & E the biggest.
- Stowage overhead compartments for carry-on aren’t considered as cargo compartment
22
Q
List features of Class A compartments:
A
Compartment where fire could easily be discovered by crew while at his station & where all compartments are easily accessed in flight. Compartments can be located flight deck & passenger cabins. Can be found adjacent to the gallery or at the back of the plane.
23
Q
List features of Class B compartments:
A
Compartment with separate, smoke or fire detection system to warn pilot or flight crew engineer. Has enough access in flight to allow crew to effectively reach any compartment with hand-held fire extinguisher. When accessing compartments, it won’t let the pilot, flight crew or passenger areas get affected.
24
Q
List features of Class C compartments:
A
- Has a built-in extinguishing systems are required for control fire in lieu of crew accessibility.
- Must have smoke & fire detection system. Has no was to limit smoke, fire, flames or extinguishing agent from the crew & passenger area.
- Ventilation controls within the compartment to maintain proper concentration extinguishing agent.
- Usually found under wide-bodied planes passenger cabins.
- Class C & D usually found underneath modern planes. Also found under Class C & upgraded D, under the cargo-only plane deck.
25
List features of Class D compartments:
Prior to industry change, they were designed without fire detection or fire extinguishing system. Used low air flow to inhibit fires. Now must be Class C, if used for passenger transport, of Class E if used for cargo.
26
List features of Class E compartments:
The entire cabin usually only for cargo. Smoke or fire detection system required. In lieu of extinguishment system, must provide shut ventilation to compartment. In pressurized plane, have means to prevent smoke, flames or extinguishing agent from getting into flight crew area. Crew emergency exits must be accessible regardless of cargo load or configuration.
27
List what was mentioned on gaining access to Cargo Compartments:
- Most cargo doors are hinged at the top of their opening & swing out and up. Few open into the compartment. ------ Most older narrow-body cargo planes doors open manually.
- Newer narrow-body & almost all wide-body cargo doors open electrically & hydraulically.
- Mechanically operated cargo doors can usually be open manually by releasing a latching handle, & unlocking them, inserting 1/4”, 3/8”, or 1/2” ratchet into the socket hole & rotating.
- *Pneumatic drivers cannot be used because they turn too fast and jam up the mechanism. The socket hole is usually found in the vicinity of the door.
- Large cargo doors may also have mechanical locking devices, that relieve compartment pressure. Many door opening procedures can be found, request help from the air carrier mechanics &/or maintenance.
28
What are the uses for General Aviation?
- These are used mainly for pleasure or training and are typically small, light and non-pressurized.
- Single or twin, internal-combustion engines, and present firefighting & rescue challenges like a car on the highway. - Usually carry 1 to 10 passengers & up to 90 gal of aviation gas (AVGAS). Some may be larger & carry up to 500 gal of fuel.
- *According to NTSB statistics, a majority of aviation accidents and fatalities involve this type of plane.
29
Give a list of primary info on Business/Corporate transport:
- Primary use is from smaller, light, non-pressurized to large “commercial-type” jets, all types of models & makes.
- Some big models may carry enough fuel to Europe/Asia.
- Often powered by twin jet engines that operate jet fuel. - Typically pressurized & hold 6 to 16 passengers.
- Many have custom-designed interiors.
- This type combined with general aviation account for the largest variety of styles & configurations.
- Most have 1 entry door, usually located forward of the wing on the left side of the plane.
- Some have over-wing escape hatch on the over-wing escape hatches cannot be opened from the outside.
- Doors, hatches, cargo compartments, & other spaces can often be locked. These usually not cockpit window that can be opened.
30
What are some of the mentioned highlights on Military Aviation?
- Wide variety of aircraft that can fly all over the world.
- Often used or based in civilian airports.
- Range from single-engine to large multiengine transports & bombers.
- Because of the high altitudes, high speeds, complex instruments, & armament needed by the military, they present an additional hazard for responders.
- Crews usually limited to a few, may have armament, liquid O2, high-powered radar, extensive composite materials & explosive ejection devices.
31
Military Aircraft are listed as?
```
A- Attack
B- Bomber
C- Cargo
E- Special Electronic installation
F- Fighter
H- Helicopter
K- Taker
O- Observation
P- Patrol
Q- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
R- Reconnaissance
S- Antisubmarine
T- Trainer
U- Utility
V- Vertical Take-off & Land/ Short Take-off/Land (VTOL/STOL)
X- Research
```
32
List some key feature of Attack Aircraft (A).
- Attack (A) Designed for air-to-air &/or air-to-ground combat, (Attack or Fighters).
- They come as large as 4 engine C-130s, but most are 1 or 2 seat configuration.
- Weapons like internal cannons, missiles, & bombs are carried beneath the wings &/or fuselage.
- Except the ones like the C-130 all other planes have a canopy-removal system and ejection seats.
- Small explosive bolts found on weapons racks & external fuel tanks attachments to jettison them.
33
List key feature of Bombers (B):
- Designed to carry & drop a large quantity of air-to-ground weapons.
- They have 4 to 8 engines hold crews of 2 to 8.
- They have explosive ejection seats & carry weapons internally, externally, or both.
- Large fuel loads, significant amount of high explosives are expected.
34
List key feature to Military Cargo/Passenger (C):
- Most popular, C-5. C-17, & C-130 used for cargo.
- They range in all sizes and most can also carry personnel, & wide variety of cargo.
- They don’t have ejection seats or canopy- removal systems.
- They may have jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) attached to the sides of the fuselage.
- Cargo might be armored personnel unit, tanks, munitions, food, supplies.
35
What is the designation Special Electronic Installation (E):
These are the (AWACS) Airborne Warning & Control Systems and the like.
36
What is a Fighter (F)?
Same basically as the (A) Attack definition.
37
What are some key point discussed about Military Helicopters (H)?
- DOD make use of them for assaults & transportation.
- Major role in military ops, large part of aviation fleet.
- The ammunition & weapons are attached, usually inside the cabins or on pods, attached to fuselage.
- Fuel tank may also be carried internally or externally.
- Carry crews of 2 to 5 with passengers, & equipment.
- *The AH-1 & AH-64 have hatches that can be jettisoned explosively.
38
List some key points about Military Tankers (K), listed:
- Cargo planes modified for in-flight refueling of the aircraft.
- Like the KC-10 & KC-135. They may be able to do both fuel & cargo at the same time.
- Very large fuel loads, above 50,000 gallons.
39
List some key points on Military Reconnaissance (R) planes:
- An exception to coding the U-2 High-altitude reconnaissance aircraft.
40
List key points on Military Utility Aircraft (U):
- Usually smaller aircraft, performing support functions. Normally don’t carry weapons, ejection systems, and similar to general airplanes.
41
Special-Purpose Aircraft
- Serve many functions like recon, command & control, testing, or electrical surveillance.
- *Designator letter depend on the the mission.
42
List some of the features of Helicopters & Rotary wings (H):
- Can range from small to single-seat to large transport carriers up to 50 passenger.
- Some (Sikorsky Skycrane) may be equipped to carry more than 10 tons.
- Not as rigidly as plane, so tend to collapse in accidents, often trapping occupants.
- Rotary-wing crafts don’t have much glide slope, tending to fall vertically.
- May have piston or turbine engines with fuel capacity from 70 -1,000 gal. Internal fuel tanks usually under the cargo floor & may have rubber bladders, while auxiliary tanks may be either located inside the main cabin in the aft section or attached outside.
- Main rotors serve same purpose as wings & propeller on a plane.
- The tail rotor, if equipped provides directional control.
- Made of the same materials such as, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and a variety of composite materials.
43
Fire Fighting Aircraft:
- Perform medevac, high-angle rescue, and firefighting ops.
- Transporting smokejumpers short distances.
- Air tankers can carry 800 to 3,000 gal of fire fighting agent that for drops on fires. Some can even carry 20,500 gal of fire retardant.
- Rotary-wing can carry 100 -1,000 gal of agent in slung buckets suspended from craft or up to 3,000 gal of agent in the tanks mounted to underside.
- Used to take firefighters & cargo, serve as infrared imaging platforms and tools tools for backfiring ops.
- When performing backfire ops they carry “ping-pong balls” in the cargo area or may have a torch carrying jellied gas slung under the craft.
- Various light crafts used by tactical groups to coordinate all aircraft ops over fire.
44
What are the two main Landing Gear layouts?
- Commonly either tricycle or conventional design.
- Tricycle consist of a single strut under the nose & 2 main struts under each wings or fuselage.
- Conventional consist of a tail wheel & 2 struts under each wing.
- Nose or tail are used for steering while the main gears has the brake systems.
45
Main point to a Cockpit:
- (Flight Deck) on airliners; area occupied by the pilots or flight crew.
- In certain military (fighter, attack, bomber, & training) planes may be equipped with ejection seats.
46
What are the Galleys?
- Compact storage compartment for food a prep in med, large &b XL planes.
- Might be located at the front, center, or rear.
47
Important points on the Lavatory:
- Located front, mid and rear, they are modular like the galleys
- Can break loose during crash impacts
48
What is important to know about Storage bins & Seats?
- Are throughout, designed for carry-on luggage, equipment & supplies.
- They and the seats can also break loose in a crash.
49
Where can Emergency Exits be found?
- Includes regular exits, and special hatches along the fuselage, rear air-stairs, and tail cones capable of being jettisoned.
50
What is different about Exit Rows Seats?
- It's where the exits are.
- Generally located near the front doors, over the wings, and near the rear doors.
- Passengers seated in the row must be able to open the exits.
51
Emergency Lighting are locate where and what's the purpose for them?
- Interior lights during emergency that assist in locating the emergency exits.
- Found along the floor or sides of the seats, on 1 side of the aisle.
- They don’t indicate direction of travel.
- Red in color at the exit location.
- White is used for the rest the of the lights.
52
What do Light Ballast do?
- Boost voltage and control current to fluorescent interior lights.
- They often overheat, creating a burning odor. Newer ballasts have a thermal limiter preventing overheating.
53
What is the purpose of the Supplemental Oxygen cylinders?
Supply emergency oxygen for the flight deck crew, flight attendants and passengers.
54
What is a Static Eliminator (Static Wick)?
- Spiked metal that electronically bonded to plane frame.
- Insulated from the aircraft by being sealed within fiberglass rod.
- Buildup of static electricity is collected by spikes, passed through frame & dissipated back into the air.
55
What are Pitot Tubes and what are they for?
- Tubular devices mounted on the exterior of a plane.
| - During flight, flow of air into tubes is measured to determine airspeed.
56
What is the purpose of the wings?
- Designed to provide most of the lift.
- Made usually of Aluminum and other of Composite.
- Carry most of the fuel.
- Military may attach weapons, & extra fuel tanks.
- House the flight control surface devices along with the tail section.
57
What are the Flight Control Surface?
Devices that enable the pilot to control the direction of the flight, altitude of the plane; includes:
- Ailerons
- Elevators
- Rudders
- Flaps & Slats
- Spoilers
- Speed brakes
58
What are Airfoils?
Relates to the shape of the wing, propeller blade, or horizontal or vertical stabilizer as it is viewed in cross-section; generate the lift needed for the aircraft to fly.
59
What does the term Leading Edge in ARFF mean?
Front or forward edge of an aircraft's wings or stabilizers.
60
What does the term Trailing edge in ARFF mean?
Rearmost edge of an aircraft's wings or stabilizers.
61
What are Stabilizers and what do they do?
Airfoil on an airplane used to provide stability; that is, aft horizontal surface to which the elevators are hinged (Horizontal Stabilizer) and the fixed vertical surface to which the rudder is hinged (Vertical Stabilizer)
62
What are some things usually housed in the Tail (Empennage)?
- Generally the tail section houses the auxiliary power unit (APU), which provides electrical power to essential systems when the engines aren't running.
- Some planes have rear stairs or a tail-cone jettison system that is designed to provide extra means of egress.
- The tail also has the following flight surface controls:
>Elevator
>Rudder
63
What does the Elevator on the Tail do?
Hinged, moveable control surface along the rear part of the horizontal stabilizer; attached to the control wheel or stick and is used to control the up & down pitch motion or the plane.
64
What does the Rudder on the Tail do?
Hinged, movable control surface attached to the rear part of the vertical stabilizer and is used to control the yaw or turning motion of the aircraft.
65
What are the 2 main Landing gears used in a Rotary-Wing Aircraft?
- Conventional gear
| - Skids support
66
In Rotary-Wing Aircraft, what are Conventional landing gear?
- Consist of main gear and either a nose or tail gear.
- Thie gear may or may not retract depending on the helicopter.
- Retractable landing gear is housed in pontoons that provide flotation support for water landings.
67
In Rotary-Wing Aircraft, what are Skids landing gear?
- Used in smaller helicopters.
- Permanently mounted to the exterior and resemble platforms.
- The have no wheels, so they often "hover taxi" to move along the taxiways or parking ramp.
68
What is a Magneto?
Device used in gasoline engines that produces a periodic spark in order to maintain fuel combustion. Usually 2 per all internal combustion engines.
69
Does disconnecting the battery prevent the magneto from functioning?
No
70
What are engines configured around a central crankshaft called?
Radial engines
71
What type of fuel is used in reciprocating engines?
(AVGAS) Aviation gasoline
72
Most aircraft with reciprocating have what in common?
- Most are for general aviation
- Fuselage is usually made entirely of lightweight metals or frame with covering.
- Rated at 400hp
- Weigh up to 3500lbs
- May carry from 1 to 6 passengers.
73
What is the purpose of most twin-engine and four-engine reciprocating engine planes used for?
- Generally used for commercial & military.
| - Limited by design to up to 90 passengers.
74
What are the 2 purposes of Gas Turbines?
- To drive the aircraft by expelling high-speed exhaust gasses
- To drive a fan, propeller, or rotor.
75
What are the 4 main components of all gas turbine engines?
- Compressor section
- Combustion section
- Turbine and exhaust section
- Accessory section
76
How do Gas turbines engines work?
They all draw air in through the front, compressed, mixed with fuel and ignited, and then the exhaust out the back. This creates rapid expansion of the fuel/air mixture, when ignited, generates engine power.
77
List the other uses for Gas Turbines
- Support cabin air-conditioning
| - Edge of wing de-icing systems
78
The simplest of the gas turbines; used primarily to propel aircraft using high velocity exhaust stream.
Turbojet (Jet engine)
79
Most commonly found in on aircraft today, especially on large jetliners; additional components turbojets don't have. Large fan in front of the engine, helping create increase the engine's thrust.
Turbofan (High bypass jet engine)
80
Widely used for small and medium commuter and cargo aircraft; consist of propeller that's driven by a small turbojet engine. Has a streamline engine nacelle & single or dual exhaust, larger than on piston motors.
Turboprop
81
Most commonly found in helicopters; basically the same as a turboprop; the output shaft is not connected to a propeller. The power turbine is connected, either directly or through a gearbox, to a shaft driving the helicopter's main tail rotors.
Turboshaft
82
What type of variation do Harrier jets use?
Exhaust nozzle that rotate to redirect the exhaust
83
The distance from the point of touchdown to the point where the aircraft is brought to a stop or exits the runway.
Landing Roll Out
84
What are the most common metals used in aircraft?
- Aluminum
- Aluminum Alloy
- Steel
- Magnesium
- Magnesium Alloy
- Titanium
85
What is the ideal material for aircraft construction?
Aluminum, able to mold to shape, and lightweight. Disadvantages of not withstanding heat well, melts at 1,200˚F.
86
Where can Aluminum alloys be found?
- Landing gear parts
- Structural and load-bearing members
- Parts of door operating assemblies
87
Which are the most common Aluminum Alloys found on aircraft today?
- Aluminum-beryllium
| - Aluminum-lithium
88
Used for the engine & landing gear, used when high strength and/or high heat tolerance is critical. Which metal is this?
Steel
89
Because of how strong and lightweight; they are used for landing gear, crankcase, cover plates & other engine parts. Also used in areas where forcible entry won't be required. Unless ground into dust or small particles it is difficult to ignite; however will burn intensely once ignited, hard to extinguish.
- Magnesium & Magnesium Alloys
90
A metallic element used to reinforce skin surfaces against impinging exhaust flames or heat. Used for internal engine parts like turbine blades, auxiliary power units enclosures, & landing gear parts. Like magnesium is combustible, burns intensely and is hard to extinguish.
Titanium
91
Which type of aircraft are having much success for their use of composite, advanced composites or advanced aerospace materials?
NLA's New Large Airliner (VLA)
92
What is the largest system in aircrafts?
Fuel systems.
93
What are the components of the fuel system
- Tank
| - Distribution System: Lines, Control valves, & Pumps
94
A small faucet or valve for releasing or draining a gas (such as air).
Petcock
95
What pressure do most hydraulic systems operate?
3000psi or higher and carry as much as 185 gal.
96
There are 3 types of hydraulic fluids produced
- Synthetic, the most widely used, has reduced flammability, its flash point is twice that of non-synthetics, has slower flame spread, and is a phosphate-ester-based material.
- Hydrocarbon or vegetable-based fluid
- Red mineral oil
