Ch 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are Neurons
A
The building blocks of the Mind
2
Q
Neuroscience
A
The study of how nerve cells send and receive information from the brain, body, and the spinal cord.
3
Q
85-100 billion
A
The amount of neurons in the brain.
4
Q
Bottom-up processing
A
Signals sent from the physical body to the brain
5
Q
Top-down processing
A
Signals sent from the brain to the physical body
6
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outermost layer of tissue in the brain.
7
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Controls cognitive skills, the ability to experience complex emotion. Supports the sense of mind and self,
8
Q
Outer Frontal Cortex
A
Contributes to the understanding of others and yourself. Controls decisions and actions.
9
Q
Subcortical Region
A
The area below the cerebral cortex
10
Q
Thoughts
A
Patterns of brain activity
11
Q
Nervous system
A
Network of neurons in body
12
Q
Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Interneurons
A
Three types of neurons
13
Q
Sensory Neurons
A
Take information from the world and transmit it to the brain
14
Q
Motor neurons
A
Have to do with movement and communication from brain- create action in muscles
15
Q
Interneurons
A
Connect all other neurons together
16
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
Parts of the Nervous system
17
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and the spinal cord part of this system
18
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
Nerves that connect the brain to the body system
19
Q
Cranial Nerves
A
The sensory organs of the head that go directly to the Brain, not through the spine.
20
Q
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
A
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
21
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System
22
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
System that Carries voluntary behaviors and movements, Includes the skeletal muscles
23
Q
Autonomic Nervous system
A
System that Carries Involuntary commands- is not in control. Outside of the consciousness, Has to do with heart beating, breathing, and blinking
24
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Acts on blood vessels, organs, and glands to prepare body for action- Initializes flight or fight response- is a system
25
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Counteracts and compliments the sympathetic Nervous system- Involved in digestion and rest.
26
Endocrine System
Uses the Circulatory system, uses hormones. Works with the PNS and the CNS. Also has the Adrenal Glands
27
Hypothalamus
Located in the bottom of the brain. Houses pleasure mechanisms for food, drinking, sex.
28
Pituitary glands
Manage endocrine system, signals production of testosterone and estrogen, release oxytocin- a chemical that has to do with romantic love
29
The gut
Houses 100trillion+ microorganisms. Changes to this can effect mental health.
30
Cortex
Divided into hemispheres, each have subdivisions, (lobes)
31
Occipital Lobe
Runs along the back of the head, dedicated to vision. Many kinds of visual areas like the primary vision cortex, necessary for sight.
32
Temporal Lobe
Runs alongside ears, contains primary auditory cortex. Responsible for the ability to hear and understand language. Allows you to recognize objects and people.
33
Parietal Lobe
Runs alongside the head, behind the ears. Through the primary somatosensory cortex,supports the map of the body's skin, and sense of touch. Helps to pay attention and locate objects.
34
Frontal Lobe
Located in the front of the head. Essential for movement and planning. Rearmost section have the primary motor cortex, which houses the map of the body's muscles, works with the spine to make those muscles move. The rest is called the prefrontal cortex, responsible for thought, planning, decision making, and self control. Closely associated with the sense of self.
35
Insular Lobe
Located under the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobe, is considered the 5th lobe of the brain. "insulated" by the above cortex. Houses the ability to perceive the inside of our bodies- like the primary taste cortex, helps perceive the states of inner organs like a racing heart or chest pain.
36
Bodies are represented on a surface of the cortex for movement and sense of touch (somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex)
Bodies are represented on a surface of the cortex for movement and sense of touch (somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex)
37
Neocortex
Latin for New and Bark
38
Neocortex
Develops through late adolescence and young adulthood, supports functions like language, thought, problem solving, and imagination.
39
Primary sensory, Primary Motor, and the surrounding associated areas
Cortex is divided into three main areas based off function
40
Primary sensory areas
First to recieve signals from nerves, and blossom into perception, has a dedicated section of sensory cortex for each sense
41
Spinal Cord
Motor neurons next to sensory neurons. Like in the brain, where the Primary sensory cortex rests next to the primary Motor cortex.
42
Association Cortex
Integrates new information coming in with previous knowledge to produce a mental experience of the world.
43
Association areas
Present in every lobe, responsible for most sophisticated activities. Function of each of these are directly associated with the adjacent primary sensory cortex.
44
Visual Association Cortex
Recognizes images, people
45
Auditory Association Cortex
Recognizes Harmonies, different people's voices
46
Subcortical Brain
Under the Cerebral Cortex
47
Nuclei
Clusters of Neurons
48
Limbic System
Bridges Subcortical (Body and movement) to the Cerebral Cortex. Comprised of many structures. Connexted but distinct.
49
Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Parts of the Limbic System
50
Hippocampus
Crucial for memory and the ability to navigate the enviornment. Older regions reside in the depths of the temporal lobe, create memories of events, time and place. Helps to remember emotionally significant events. Part of your Hopes and Desires
51
Amygdala
Latin for Almond
52
Amygdala
Dedicated to emotion. Past the end of the hippocampus, registers emotional impact of significant events. Influences how you see, think, and remember. Enhances the emotionally significant memories.
53
Basal Ganglia
Group of interconnected structures- an older version of the subcortical motor sysstem, necessary for planning and executing movement. Bridges motor regions of the cerebral cortex to the nuclei of the Spinal Cord. Used to both start and stop movement
54
Thalamus
Located between the Basal Ganglia, Resembles 2 large symmetric eggs
Subcortical hub for all sensory signals, except for olfactory signals. Two way communication between thalamus and sensory organs.
55
Thalamus
Serves as a subcortical hub for all sensory signals, except for olfactory signals. Two way communcation between this and the sensory organs. Ass sleep happens, it shuts down sensory input
56
Hypothalamus
Sits below the thalamus
57
Hypothalamus
Master controller of brain and body, integrating bodily signals with associated feelings and behaviors. Composed of many nuclei, regulate things like hunger, body rhythms, reward seeking, and aggression
58
Brainstem
Located at the base of the skull, Supplies the brain with oxygen, Regulates heartrate and breathing
59
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata, reticular Formation
Brainstem Top Down
60
Tegmentum, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra
Midbrain parts
61
tegmentum
Reflex to move sensory organs to new stimuli in enviornment
62
Ventral tegmental area
primitive component of motivation and reward system, motivate movement
63
Brainstem
Sits on top, and is continuous with, the spinal cord. Supports emotional change.
64
Pons
Controls breathing- speeding up/slowing down during danger, relays hearing, taste, and balance to upper brain.
65
Medula Oblongata
Controls heartrate/pressure, (Autonomoic functions) and critical reflexes (like coughing, swallowing)
66
Reticular formation
Contained by the Pons and the Medula Oblongata
67
Reticular Formation
Runs through brianstem, central role in arousal and attention, as well as alert during danger. Regulates sleep and wakefullness
68
Cerebellum
Behind the pons and the medulla oblongata, located in hindbrain. Shaped like a little brain behind the brainstem,
69
Cerebellum
Contributes to precision, balance, coordination, and accurate timing. Adjusts head and eye position to maintain balance. Critical for precise movements, internal mental practice (envisioning activites, but not actually doing it) May help body learn without having to actively do the physical work. Coordination are a part of thought and timing, so plays a role in all of cognition
70
throughout the association cortexes in the frontal lobe of the neocortex
Concept of "you" is probably distributed here somewhere
71
Frontal cortex (Prefrontal cortex)
Foreward most region of frontal lobe, supports executive functions. allows planning, focus attention, and organization
72
Innermost regions of prefrontal cortex
Can retrieve information on sense of self, traits, likes and dislikes, moral judgement, and sense of guilt.
73
Left Hemisphere
Section of brain that is important for language
74
Damage to Broka's Area
Impairs speech but not comprehension. Next to the Motor Cortex
75
Damage to Wernickes area
Impairs comprehension but not speech. Next to the Auditory Cortex
76
Laterlization of brain
One sidededness of the brain
77
Corpus callosum
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain, supports contralateral communication
78
Left vs Right Brain
Details Vs Big picture Ideas
79
CT/CAT Scan
Combines a series of X Rays from different angles to reveal one complete 3d image
80
Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)
Uses magnetic waves to create a map of the brain
81
Diffusion Tenor Imaging (DTI)
Variation of MRI scan. Shows size and direction of matter
82
Phrenology
Pseudoscience, reading bumps on heads to read mental abilities
83
Localisationalists
"Divide and conquer" view on the brain's problems. Takes a problem, seperates it into different jobs, allocates those to different parts of the brain
84
Whollists
Every part of the brain is involved in every action
85
Lesions
Abnormal tissue resulting from disease, trauma, or surgical intervention
86
Contralateral Definition
Right controls left, left controls right
87
Single Cell recordings
Measure the electrical activity of a single neuron
88
Electroencephalography(EEG)
Uses amplification to record waves of electircal data sweeping the brain
89
Magnetoencephalography(MEG)
Records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of the brain. Close to the actual neuron timings, Good temporal precision. Good at finding when a signal is being transmitted, not where from.
90
Spatial resolution
Shows what is happening, but not when, like resolution
91
Temporal Resolution
How often things are taken- like fps
92
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Injects radioactive glucose into a persons bloodstream, tracked and rendered into images. Scanner tracks where it is in the brain (increased bloodflow in increased activity). Bad temporal resolution, good spatial resolution
93
Functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI)
Takes many MRIS in a sequence to track oxygen and blood flowing in the brain. Can image hard to reach places (inner brain) that's not reachable with an EEG, MEG, or even a Neural Probe
94
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Uses a probe to go deep into the brain, and stimulate the brain, to alter abnormally active or inactive regions of the brain maybe causing depression.
95
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Creates a temporary and reversible enhancement of the brain to study function. DOes not damage, but temporary alters behavior of electrical signals.
96
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)
Gentler form of neurostimulation, very low levels of direct current delivered to stimulate brain functions, like enhancing hand-eye coordination.
97
Dendrites
The receptors/inputs of neurons structure
98
Axon
The Long arm of the cell used to transmit messages
99
Cell body
Called soma, connects neural impulses, contains the cell's nucleus
100
Myelin Sheath
Fatty tissue surrounding the axon, ensures least resistance and that the signal arrives fast.
101
Degradation of the myelin sheath
demylenization
102
Glial Cells, or Glia
Makes up myelin
103
Support, insulation, and nourish the neurons, clear cell waste, glue between neurons.
Glial Cells, or myelin
104
Gap between the terminal branch of a Neuron and the dendrite of another
Synapse
105
Amino Acids, Monoamines, Acetylchlorine
Classes of neurotransmitters (3)
106
Amino Acids
The brains most abundant neurotransmitters. Like Glutamate or Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA).
107
Monoamines
Like norepinepherine(or noradrenaline) important for fight/flight responses. Dopamine and seratonin are monoamines.
108
Acetylchlorine
Behaves as both an inhibitory or excitatory signal, supports heart, skeletal muscle, and cognative function.
109
Glutamate
Binds to excitatory receptors, helps form long term memories
110
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
Binds to inhibitory receptors, influences muscle tone
111
Norepinepherine
Involved in fight-or-flight response activation
112
Dopamine
Associated with rewards and pleasurable experience
113
Seratonin
Contributes to tfeelings of hapiness and well being, appetite and sleep.
114
Psychoactive drugs
Artificial chemicals introduced into the body, piggyback off existing endocrine system.
115
Endorphines
Class of neurotransmitters, body's natural opiods.
116
Opiods
Like morphine, are analgesics (Relieve pain)
117
Dopamine is synthesized in the midbrain, in a cluster of nerurons called the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Dopamine is synthesized in the midbrain, in a cluster of nerurons called the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
118
Endorphins
are feel-good chemicals that bind when you eat chocolate, enjoy a meal, or run a long distance( runners high)
119
Agonists
Chemicals that mimic the actions of a neurotransmitter, bind as a ligand.
120
Antagonist
Blocks receptors of the Ligate, fit to the receptor, but block the drug from sending any more signals.
121
Phenotypic Expression
Encompasses physical traits, but also behavior, physiology, and even mental qualities
122
Phenotype
The physical appearance of a specimen
123
Genotype
Encompasses all the biological materiels that you inherit
124
Allelle
Variants of a gene, can be dominant or recessive
125
Epigenetics
Study of how interacting between genes and enviornment result in gene expression
126
Behavioral Genetics
Study of how genetic factors influence trait variation, whether trait is mesurable or abstract
127
Heritability
Measures the degree of heredity or how much variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype, a number between 1 and 0. Typical range is between .3 and .6 for regular people, .49 for twins
128
Monozygotic Twins
100% same DNA
129
Dizygotic Twins
50% same DNA as sibling born at same time
130
Phenylketonuria (PKE)
Extreme intellectual disability, seizures, irritabliity, and temper tantrums.
131
Neural Plasticity
Brains ability to physiologically modify, regenerate, and reinvent itself constantly over a lifetime
132
Critical periods
Periods in life in which very specific experiences must occur to ensure normal development of a characteristic or behavior
133
Damage Plasticity
Neural modification after injury- brain reorganization. Causes phantom limbs.
134
Adult Plasticity
Shaping and reshaping of neural circuits during adulthood, occur every day with new experiences.
135
STEM cells
Not undergone gene expression.
136
Synaptogenesis
Generation of new synapses between neurons
137
Neurogenesis
The generation of new neurons.
