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Psychology Exam 1 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Neurons

A

The building blocks of the Mind

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2
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of how nerve cells send and receive information from the brain, body, and the spinal cord.

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3
Q

85-100 billion

A

The amount of neurons in the brain.

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4
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Signals sent from the physical body to the brain

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5
Q

Top-down processing

A

Signals sent from the brain to the physical body

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6
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of tissue in the brain.

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7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Controls cognitive skills, the ability to experience complex emotion. Supports the sense of mind and self,

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8
Q

Outer Frontal Cortex

A

Contributes to the understanding of others and yourself. Controls decisions and actions.

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9
Q

Subcortical Region

A

The area below the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Thoughts

A

Patterns of brain activity

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of neurons in body

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12
Q

Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Interneurons

A

Three types of neurons

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13
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Take information from the world and transmit it to the brain

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

Have to do with movement and communication from brain- create action in muscles

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect all other neurons together

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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Parts of the Nervous system

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17
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and the spinal cord part of this system

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the brain to the body system

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19
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

The sensory organs of the head that go directly to the Brain, not through the spine.

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20
Q

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

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21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System

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22
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

System that Carries voluntary behaviors and movements, Includes the skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

System that Carries Involuntary commands- is not in control. Outside of the consciousness, Has to do with heart beating, breathing, and blinking

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24
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Acts on blood vessels, organs, and glands to prepare body for action- Initializes flight or fight response- is a system

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25
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Counteracts and compliments the sympathetic Nervous system- Involved in digestion and rest.

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26
Q

Endocrine System

A

Uses the Circulatory system, uses hormones. Works with the PNS and the CNS. Also has the Adrenal Glands

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located in the bottom of the brain. Houses pleasure mechanisms for food, drinking, sex.

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28
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Manage endocrine system, signals production of testosterone and estrogen, release oxytocin- a chemical that has to do with romantic love

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29
Q

The gut

A

Houses 100trillion+ microorganisms. Changes to this can effect mental health.

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30
Q

Cortex

A

Divided into hemispheres, each have subdivisions, (lobes)

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31
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Runs along the back of the head, dedicated to vision. Many kinds of visual areas like the primary vision cortex, necessary for sight.

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32
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Runs alongside ears, contains primary auditory cortex. Responsible for the ability to hear and understand language. Allows you to recognize objects and people.

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33
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Runs alongside the head, behind the ears. Through the primary somatosensory cortex,supports the map of the body’s skin, and sense of touch. Helps to pay attention and locate objects.

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34
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Located in the front of the head. Essential for movement and planning. Rearmost section have the primary motor cortex, which houses the map of the body’s muscles, works with the spine to make those muscles move. The rest is called the prefrontal cortex, responsible for thought, planning, decision making, and self control. Closely associated with the sense of self.

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35
Q

Insular Lobe

A

Located under the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobe, is considered the 5th lobe of the brain. “insulated” by the above cortex. Houses the ability to perceive the inside of our bodies- like the primary taste cortex, helps perceive the states of inner organs like a racing heart or chest pain.

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36
Q

Bodies are represented on a surface of the cortex for movement and sense of touch (somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex)

A

Bodies are represented on a surface of the cortex for movement and sense of touch (somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex)

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37
Q

Neocortex

A

Latin for New and Bark

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38
Q

Neocortex

A

Develops through late adolescence and young adulthood, supports functions like language, thought, problem solving, and imagination.

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39
Q

Primary sensory, Primary Motor, and the surrounding associated areas

A

Cortex is divided into three main areas based off function

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40
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

First to recieve signals from nerves, and blossom into perception, has a dedicated section of sensory cortex for each sense

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41
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Motor neurons next to sensory neurons. Like in the brain, where the Primary sensory cortex rests next to the primary Motor cortex.

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42
Q

Association Cortex

A

Integrates new information coming in with previous knowledge to produce a mental experience of the world.

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43
Q

Association areas

A

Present in every lobe, responsible for most sophisticated activities. Function of each of these are directly associated with the adjacent primary sensory cortex.

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44
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Recognizes images, people

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45
Q

Auditory Association Cortex

A

Recognizes Harmonies, different people’s voices

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46
Q

Subcortical Brain

A

Under the Cerebral Cortex

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47
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of Neurons

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48
Q

Limbic System

A

Bridges Subcortical (Body and movement) to the Cerebral Cortex. Comprised of many structures. Connexted but distinct.

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49
Q

Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

A

Parts of the Limbic System

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50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Crucial for memory and the ability to navigate the enviornment. Older regions reside in the depths of the temporal lobe, create memories of events, time and place. Helps to remember emotionally significant events. Part of your Hopes and Desires

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51
Q

Amygdala

A

Latin for Almond

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52
Q

Amygdala

A

Dedicated to emotion. Past the end of the hippocampus, registers emotional impact of significant events. Influences how you see, think, and remember. Enhances the emotionally significant memories.

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53
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Group of interconnected structures- an older version of the subcortical motor sysstem, necessary for planning and executing movement. Bridges motor regions of the cerebral cortex to the nuclei of the Spinal Cord. Used to both start and stop movement

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54
Q

Thalamus

A

Located between the Basal Ganglia, Resembles 2 large symmetric eggs
Subcortical hub for all sensory signals, except for olfactory signals. Two way communication between thalamus and sensory organs.

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55
Q

Thalamus

A

Serves as a subcortical hub for all sensory signals, except for olfactory signals. Two way communcation between this and the sensory organs. Ass sleep happens, it shuts down sensory input

56
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Sits below the thalamus

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master controller of brain and body, integrating bodily signals with associated feelings and behaviors. Composed of many nuclei, regulate things like hunger, body rhythms, reward seeking, and aggression

58
Q

Brainstem

A

Located at the base of the skull, Supplies the brain with oxygen, Regulates heartrate and breathing

59
Q

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata, reticular Formation

A

Brainstem Top Down

60
Q

Tegmentum, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra

A

Midbrain parts

61
Q

tegmentum

A

Reflex to move sensory organs to new stimuli in enviornment

62
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

primitive component of motivation and reward system, motivate movement

63
Q

Brainstem

A

Sits on top, and is continuous with, the spinal cord. Supports emotional change.

64
Q

Pons

A

Controls breathing- speeding up/slowing down during danger, relays hearing, taste, and balance to upper brain.

65
Q

Medula Oblongata

A

Controls heartrate/pressure, (Autonomoic functions) and critical reflexes (like coughing, swallowing)

66
Q

Reticular formation

A

Contained by the Pons and the Medula Oblongata

67
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Runs through brianstem, central role in arousal and attention, as well as alert during danger. Regulates sleep and wakefullness

68
Q

Cerebellum

A

Behind the pons and the medulla oblongata, located in hindbrain. Shaped like a little brain behind the brainstem,

69
Q

Cerebellum

A

Contributes to precision, balance, coordination, and accurate timing. Adjusts head and eye position to maintain balance. Critical for precise movements, internal mental practice (envisioning activites, but not actually doing it) May help body learn without having to actively do the physical work. Coordination are a part of thought and timing, so plays a role in all of cognition

70
Q

throughout the association cortexes in the frontal lobe of the neocortex

A

Concept of “you” is probably distributed here somewhere

71
Q

Frontal cortex (Prefrontal cortex)

A

Foreward most region of frontal lobe, supports executive functions. allows planning, focus attention, and organization

72
Q

Innermost regions of prefrontal cortex

A

Can retrieve information on sense of self, traits, likes and dislikes, moral judgement, and sense of guilt.

73
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Section of brain that is important for language

74
Q

Damage to Broka’s Area

A

Impairs speech but not comprehension. Next to the Motor Cortex

75
Q

Damage to Wernickes area

A

Impairs comprehension but not speech. Next to the Auditory Cortex

76
Q

Laterlization of brain

A

One sidededness of the brain

77
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain, supports contralateral communication

78
Q

Left vs Right Brain

A

Details Vs Big picture Ideas

79
Q

CT/CAT Scan

A

Combines a series of X Rays from different angles to reveal one complete 3d image

80
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

A

Uses magnetic waves to create a map of the brain

81
Q

Diffusion Tenor Imaging (DTI)

A

Variation of MRI scan. Shows size and direction of matter

82
Q

Phrenology

A

Pseudoscience, reading bumps on heads to read mental abilities

83
Q

Localisationalists

A

“Divide and conquer” view on the brain’s problems. Takes a problem, seperates it into different jobs, allocates those to different parts of the brain

84
Q

Whollists

A

Every part of the brain is involved in every action

85
Q

Lesions

A

Abnormal tissue resulting from disease, trauma, or surgical intervention

86
Q

Contralateral Definition

A

Right controls left, left controls right

87
Q

Single Cell recordings

A

Measure the electrical activity of a single neuron

88
Q

Electroencephalography(EEG)

A

Uses amplification to record waves of electircal data sweeping the brain

89
Q

Magnetoencephalography(MEG)

A

Records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of the brain. Close to the actual neuron timings, Good temporal precision. Good at finding when a signal is being transmitted, not where from.

90
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Shows what is happening, but not when, like resolution

91
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

How often things are taken- like fps

92
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Injects radioactive glucose into a persons bloodstream, tracked and rendered into images. Scanner tracks where it is in the brain (increased bloodflow in increased activity). Bad temporal resolution, good spatial resolution

93
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI)

A

Takes many MRIS in a sequence to track oxygen and blood flowing in the brain. Can image hard to reach places (inner brain) that’s not reachable with an EEG, MEG, or even a Neural Probe

94
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

Uses a probe to go deep into the brain, and stimulate the brain, to alter abnormally active or inactive regions of the brain maybe causing depression.

95
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Creates a temporary and reversible enhancement of the brain to study function. DOes not damage, but temporary alters behavior of electrical signals.

96
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)

A

Gentler form of neurostimulation, very low levels of direct current delivered to stimulate brain functions, like enhancing hand-eye coordination.

97
Q

Dendrites

A

The receptors/inputs of neurons structure

98
Q

Axon

A

The Long arm of the cell used to transmit messages

99
Q

Cell body

A

Called soma, connects neural impulses, contains the cell’s nucleus

100
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty tissue surrounding the axon, ensures least resistance and that the signal arrives fast.

101
Q

Degradation of the myelin sheath

A

demylenization

102
Q

Glial Cells, or Glia

A

Makes up myelin

103
Q

Support, insulation, and nourish the neurons, clear cell waste, glue between neurons.

A

Glial Cells, or myelin

104
Q

Gap between the terminal branch of a Neuron and the dendrite of another

A

Synapse

105
Q

Amino Acids, Monoamines, Acetylchlorine

A

Classes of neurotransmitters (3)

106
Q

Amino Acids

A

The brains most abundant neurotransmitters. Like Glutamate or Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA).

107
Q

Monoamines

A

Like norepinepherine(or noradrenaline) important for fight/flight responses. Dopamine and seratonin are monoamines.

108
Q

Acetylchlorine

A

Behaves as both an inhibitory or excitatory signal, supports heart, skeletal muscle, and cognative function.

109
Q

Glutamate

A

Binds to excitatory receptors, helps form long term memories

110
Q

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Binds to inhibitory receptors, influences muscle tone

111
Q

Norepinepherine

A

Involved in fight-or-flight response activation

112
Q

Dopamine

A

Associated with rewards and pleasurable experience

113
Q

Seratonin

A

Contributes to tfeelings of hapiness and well being, appetite and sleep.

114
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Artificial chemicals introduced into the body, piggyback off existing endocrine system.

115
Q

Endorphines

A

Class of neurotransmitters, body’s natural opiods.

116
Q

Opiods

A

Like morphine, are analgesics (Relieve pain)

117
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in the midbrain, in a cluster of nerurons called the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Dopamine is synthesized in the midbrain, in a cluster of nerurons called the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

118
Q

Endorphins

A

are feel-good chemicals that bind when you eat chocolate, enjoy a meal, or run a long distance( runners high)

119
Q

Agonists

A

Chemicals that mimic the actions of a neurotransmitter, bind as a ligand.

120
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks receptors of the Ligate, fit to the receptor, but block the drug from sending any more signals.

121
Q

Phenotypic Expression

A

Encompasses physical traits, but also behavior, physiology, and even mental qualities

122
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a specimen

123
Q

Genotype

A

Encompasses all the biological materiels that you inherit

124
Q

Allelle

A

Variants of a gene, can be dominant or recessive

125
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how interacting between genes and enviornment result in gene expression

126
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Study of how genetic factors influence trait variation, whether trait is mesurable or abstract

127
Q

Heritability

A

Measures the degree of heredity or how much variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype, a number between 1 and 0. Typical range is between .3 and .6 for regular people, .49 for twins

128
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

100% same DNA

129
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

50% same DNA as sibling born at same time

130
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKE)

A

Extreme intellectual disability, seizures, irritabliity, and temper tantrums.

131
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Brains ability to physiologically modify, regenerate, and reinvent itself constantly over a lifetime

132
Q

Critical periods

A

Periods in life in which very specific experiences must occur to ensure normal development of a characteristic or behavior

133
Q

Damage Plasticity

A

Neural modification after injury- brain reorganization. Causes phantom limbs.

134
Q

Adult Plasticity

A

Shaping and reshaping of neural circuits during adulthood, occur every day with new experiences.

135
Q

STEM cells

A

Not undergone gene expression.

136
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Generation of new synapses between neurons

137
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The generation of new neurons.

Psychology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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