Lining, covering, & glandular tissue cells attach to each other & form continuos sheets always have one free surface lower surface rests on basement membrane has no blood supply

Ch 3 Flashcards by kayla augustine

All cells are primarily made of 4 elements:

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon

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3 things that every cell has in common

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic material

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Parts of the fluid mosaic model

Phosphorus-hydrophilic 
Lipids-hydrophobic
Channel protein
Integral protein
Peripheral protein

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Protein functions

Let stuff in and out
Act as enzyme
Recognition and communication
Receptor for hormones
Support membrane

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Factors affecting permeability

Size of molecule
Solubility in lipids
Charge of ions
Presence of carrier protein

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Fluid components of the body

Plasma: cell membrane;semi permeable; has cholesterol

Intercellular: fluid between cells

Intracellular: fluid inside cells

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Passive

Doesn’t need ATP

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Filtration

Forced out bc of high pressure

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Diffusion

Passive: High to low

Osmosis=water

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Active transport

Needs ATP

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Solute pumping

Sodium potassium pump

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Bulk transport

Active
Mass movements
Endocytosis/exocytosis

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Solute

Dissolves

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Solvent

Does the dissolving

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Hypertonic

Extra solute

Shrink

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Hypotonic

Less solute
Grow
-explodes-lysis

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Isotonic

Equal solvent and solute

Stays the same size

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Epithelial tissue

Lining, covering, & glandular tissue
cells attach to each other & form continuos sheets
always have one free surface
lower surface rests on basement membrane
has no blood supply

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Epithelial tissue functions

Protection: against bacterial, chemical, and UV damage
Absorption: food&oxygen
filtration: occurs in blood capillaries
secretion: glandular products/ sweat, oil, enzymes, mucus, hormones

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Simple squamous epithelium

Forms membrane where filtration takes place

* location: air sacs of lungs; capillaries

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

Nucleus in center
Located: glands and kidneys
Function: secrete

Simple columnar epithelium

Tall cells with microvilli
Lines the digestive tract
Function: absorption

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

appears to be in layers but isn’t
located: trachea and lower air passages
function: produce mucus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Protects against abrasion

Location: outer layer of skin, lining of esophagus

Transitional epithelium

* Free layer; dome layer allows for stretching * many layers thick * location: lining if urinary bladder, uterus, stomach

Endocrine glands

Secrete hormones into the blood | Ex. Thyroid and ovary

Exocrine gland (glandular epithelium)

Secrete substance in the epithelial surface | Ex. Sweat&oil glands, salivary gland

Connective tissue

``` •most widespread tissue in the body •suspended in matrix -liquid matrix (blood plasma) -gel like matrix (between fat cells) -solid matrix (cartilage or bone) ```

Connective tissue fibers

Collagen: thick, adds strength Elastic: stretches and springs back Reticular: forms a network/holds cells in place

Bone

Cells are called osteocytes Matrix made of calcium Function: protects and supports other body organs

Haversian canal

Central tunnel for blood vessels and nerves

Lamella

Rings around Haversian canal

Lacunae

Small holes between rings that contain osteocytes

Canaliculi

Tiny holes that run across the Lamella and supply nourishment for the osteocytes

Hyaline cartilage

``` Most abundant cartilage Forms smooth end of bones&larynx Fetus skeleton Cell: chondrocyte Function: reduce friction ```

Elastic cartilage

Yellow tent Flexibility for repeated bending Location: outer ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Mix of white fibrous tissue & cartilage fibers Provides strength and flexibility Location: pubis symphysis, intervertebral discs

Dense fibrous tissue

Cell: fibroblast | Forms tendons, ligaments and dermis of skin

Areolar tissue

Most abundant connective tissue Cushions and protects organs Soaks up excess tissue fluid

Fibroelastic

Encases organs

Reticular

Fills tissue interspace

Adipose

Fat fill cell interior | Function: energy storage, insulator, protects some organs such as kidneys and eyes

Blood

``` Matrix is called plasma Cells: -RBC (no nucleus) carries oxygen -WBC (nucleus) fights infections -platelets (cell fragments) clot blood Function: transport ```

Lymph

Fluid in tissue spaces between cells | Bathes cells

Muscle tissue

Cells are long and thin fibers | Contractile proteins in cells

Skeletal muscle

``` Attach to bones by tendons Multinucleated Longest&Largest muscle fibers Striated Voluntary Function: body movement ```

Smooth muscle

No striations Involuntary Surround hollow organs (arteries/veins, digestive tract) Peristaic waves: contractions that push food down the digestive tract

Cardiac muscle

Heart Striated Involuntary •Uninicleate, branchy cells that fit tightly together at junctions(intercalated disks) •Allows the impulse to pass through the muscle quickly

Nervous tissue

Cells: neurons Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses Functional characteristics: irritability&conductivity Location: brain, spinal cord, & nerves

Cell theory

All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of life Cells arise from other cells