Ch 3 Flashcards
Ribosomal RNA
Necesary for fuctnion
Messenger RNA
sends a message contains the code to make DNA
Transfer RNA
carries amino acids, has an anticodon sequence
small nuclear RNA
part of the spliceosome (takes out extrons keeps introns). process messenger RNAs
Small nucleolar RNA
processes ribosomal RNAs, they’re not ready to go after being transcribed neet to be processed
MicroRNA
Used for post transcriptional gene expression control. controlling whether a messenger RNA will be used or not. complimentary base pair to messenger RNA preventing translation of RNA.
PIWI-interactions RNAs
prevent transposable elements from jumping along the gene line
Long noncoding RNA
RNA that play a role in cellular functions
WHat type of RNA is most abundant
rRNA by mass but tRNA are so small so tRNA by number
What RNA do we not want to have folded?
mRNA, it’s function is based on what it codes for, not it’s function
What do we call it when RNA interacts with proteins
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles
List of what RNA can do
Scaffolding for proteins to assemble, RNA interactions can activate proteins to be an enzyme, RNA can self splice and do other ribozyme type things, can directly control gene expression, RNA can be the hereditary material.
What is an example of RNA acting as scaffolding for proteins?
Signal recognition particle
Example of RNA interacting with proteins
Telomerase and CRISPR-Cas
What is a ribozyme?
RNA molecules that catalyze specific biochemical reactions
Primary structure of RNA
subunits contain ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Subunits joined by phosphodiester bonds.
Four most common types of Secondary Structure
folding of RNA chain into a variety of structural motifs. Four most common types of
-Bulges
-basepaired helicies
=single-stranded hairpin or internal loop
-Junctions
Does RNA usually for B or A type helicies?
A type helicies. B type is hindered because of the 2’ OH group
Do proteins interact with RNA in the major or minor groove?
Minor grove, deep and narrow
Are there many or few ways RNA can base pair?
MANY >20 different types of noncanonical (non watson crick) base pairs. Even triples can form
BLANK looks like nature’s attmept to make RNA do the job of a protein
tRNA
tRNA are what
pretty similar, anticodon loop that pairs with codon of mRNA
What is the secondary structure of tRNA
Cloverleaf
What is the tertiary structure of tRNA
L-shaped
GEneral principles of tRNA structure
modified bases are present, tRNA loops each have separate functions, Coaxial stacking of stems makes it look like it’s all together but it’s many
What was the first modified base nucleoside to be identified in tRNA?
Inosine, sometimes refered to as the fifth base
What was the first modified base identified in any RNA
Pseudouridine
What are the three loops for tRNA
T-loop (recognized by ribosome), D loop (recognition by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, they are enzyms they add on the amino acids), Anticodon loop (complimentary to the codon. base pairs with the mRNA codon)
What happens during coaxial stacking of tRNA
the loops fold onto themselves, T loop and attachment site stack on each other. The D stem and anticodon stem stack on each other.
Example of RNA virus
Rhinovirus, Rabies
What are Viroids
they are plant pathogens
What are Satellite RNAs
Single-stranded RNA genome. THey are found in plants and animals. Example is hepatitis D (can’t get it unless u got hep B first). It uses the products from another virus to replicate. They need a helper virus.
WHat are virusoids
circular, single-stranded RNA genome. plant pathogen that reauires a helper virus but it has it’s own capsid. Almost a subtype of sattelite RNA
What’s the RNA world hypothesis
rna both carried out the genetic info and catalyzed it’s own replication
Is RNA versatile?
Yes. It flexible and multiple interactions: other RNA, single DNA, proteins as RNPs
What is the primary structure
RNA is a chain like molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
Secondary structure
biulding blocks of RNA structure are bulges, base paired A-type double helices (stems), single stranded hairpin or internal loops, junctions, and turns. THrough base pairing,
What makes RNA more versatile than DNA?
it’s single stranded- makes it be able to interact with proetins more easily, ribose sugar- can interact with proteins too, modified bases-allow for many other interactions
What RNA do we not want to be in secondary sgtructure?
mRNA
what is a gene
specific stretch of nucleotides in DNA that contain information for making a particular RNA molecule. mRNA provides the info to make a particular protein
